The metabolic response of plants to oxygen deficiency

As plantas, em condicoes naturais ou experimentais, podem ser submetidas a disponibilidade de O2 que varia desde os teores normais (normoxia), passando pela deficiencia (hipoxia) ou ate mesmo pela ausencia (anoxia). Varios processos metabolicos sao afetados pela deficiencia de O2, porem os eventos mais estudados sao aqueles relacionados a respiracao e ao metabolismo de N. Na ausencia de um aceptor eletronico terminal na cadeia de transporte de eletrons, o ciclo do acido tricarboxilico passa a funcionar parcialmente e em ambas as direcoes. Ocorre a acidificacao do citosol e o piruvato, produto da glicolise, e transformado em lactato e etanol, que representam as principais reacoes fermentativas das plantas. A alanina e o terceiro mais importante produto do metabolismo anaerobico, sendo resultante de altas taxas de interconversao entre os aminoacidos em que as transaminases, tais como alanina aminotransferase, desempenham um papel importante. O acumulo de alanina sob anaerobiose parece ser independente da fonte de N: NO3-, NH4+ ou N2 e o seu papel precisa ser esclarecido. Da mesma forma, ainda nao esta completamente entendido como o NO3- exerce seu efeito benefico sobre a tolerância radicular a hipoxia em plantas encharcadas. Tais aspectos do metabolismo de N colocam desafios interessantes para as futuras pesquisas sobre as respostas das plantas a deficiencia de oxigenio.

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