Role of cytoarchitecture in cytoplasmic transport

Abstract Cytoplasm is a thick viscoelastic gel consisting of a highly concentrated protein solution interspersed through a matrix of cytoskeletal filaments and organellar structures. Diffusion of soluble low-molecular-weight molecules through cytoplasm is slowed by a factor of 5–10 relative to a dilute aqueous solution, reflecting increased solvent viscosity, molecular crowding, tortuosity imposed by cytoplasmic membranes and organelles, and transient binding to immobile structures. Larger molecules are further slowed by cytoskeletal sieving. Messenger RNA and ribosomes may be prevented from entering certain parts of cytoplasm due to their size and may follow preferential channels as they exit the nucleus. Mechanisms also exist for energy-dependent transport of larger molecules and organelles

[1]  J. Hartwig,et al.  Ligand-sensitive binding of actin-binding protein to immunoglobulin G Fc Receptor I (FcγRI) , 1991, Cell.

[2]  T. Hasegawa,et al.  Production of a unique antibody specific for membrane ruffles and its use to characterize the behavior of two distinct types of ruffles , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[3]  D. Taylor,et al.  Subcellular compartmentalization by local differentiation of cytoplasmic structure. , 1988, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[4]  R. Buxbaum,et al.  Tension and compression in the cytoskeleton of PC 12 neurites , 1985, The Journal of cell biology.

[5]  D. Ingber,et al.  Cellular tensegrity : defining new rules of biological design that govern the cytoskeleton , 2022 .

[6]  L. Cercek,et al.  Effects of osmomolarity, calcium and magnesium ions on the structuredness of cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) , 1976, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[7]  M. Schliwa,et al.  Stabilization and the cytoplasmic ground substance in detergent-opened cells and a structural and biochemical analysis of its composition. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  B. Fung.  Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water interactions with proteins, biomolecules, membranes, and tissues. , 1986, Methods in enzymology.

[9]  P. Janmey,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[10]  D. Taylor,et al.  Structural organization of interphase 3T3 fibroblasts studied by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy , 1985, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  T. Stossel,et al.  Enhanced motility in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts that overexpress gelsolin. , 1991, Science.

[12]  K. Luby-Phelps,et al.  Effect of cytoarchitecture on the transport and localization of protein synthetic machinery , 1993, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[13]  O. Steward,et al.  Selective dendritic transport of RNA in hippocampal neurons in culture , 1987, Nature.

[14]  K. Foster,et al.  Bounds on "bound water": transverse nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in barnacle muscle. , 1976, Science.

[15]  A. Minton,et al.  Tracer diffusion of globular proteins in concentrated protein solutions. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  Robert I. Cukier,et al.  Diffusion of Brownian spheres in semidilute polymer solutions , 1984 .

[17]  K. Zaner,et al.  Viscoelasticity of F-actin measured with magnetic microparticles , 1989, The Journal of cell biology.

[18]  D. Soll,et al.  Targeted disruption of the ABP-120 gene leads to cells with altered motility , 1992, The Journal of cell biology.

[19]  E. Grazi,et al.  The control of cellular motility and the role of gelsolin , 1991, FEBS letters.

[20]  P. Janmey,et al.  Actin-binding protein requirement for cortical stability and efficient locomotion. , 1992, Science.

[21]  A S Verkman,et al.  Low viscosity in the aqueous domain of cell cytoplasm measured by picosecond polarization microfluorimetry , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[22]  P. Agutter.  Role of the cytoskeleton in nucleocytoplasmic RNA and protein distributions. , 1991, Biochemical Society transactions.

[23]  H. Knull,et al.  Association of glycolytic enzymes with the cytoskeleton. , 1992, Current topics in cellular regulation.

[24]  J. Carson,et al.  Transport and localization of exogenous myelin basic protein mRNA microinjected into oligodendrocytes , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[25]  M. Schliwa,et al.  Structural interaction of cytoskeletal components , 1981, The Journal of cell biology.

[26]  J. Ovádi,et al.  Enzyme‐enzyme interactions and their metabolic role , 1990, FEBS letters.

[27]  H. Knull,et al.  Glycolytic enzyme interactions with tubulin and microtubules. , 1989, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[28]  Paul A. Janmey,et al.  Resemblance of actin-binding protein/actin gels to covalently crosslinked networks , 1990, Nature.

[29]  D. Taylor,et al.  Hindered diffusion of inert tracer particles in the cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 cells. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  A. Fulton,et al.  How crowded is the cytoplasm? , 1982, Cell.

[31]  C. Lumsden,et al.  Cellular automaton model of the actin cytoskeleton. , 1993, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[32]  C. Sardet,et al.  Characterization of sea urchin egg endoplasmic reticulum in cortical preparations. , 1991, Developmental biology.

[33]  A. Keith,et al.  Viscosity of Cellular Protoplasm , 1974, Science.

[34]  J. Lepock,et al.  Rotational diffusion of TEMPONE in the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster lung cells. , 1983, Biophysical journal.

[35]  J. E. Estes,et al.  Nucleotide exchange and rheometric studies with F-actin prepared from ATP- or ADP-monomeric actin. , 1993, Biophysical journal.

[36]  R. Schlegel,et al.  Diffusion of injected macromolecules within the cytoplasm of living cells. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  R. Damadian.  Tumor Detection by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1971, Science.

[38]  R. Buxbaum,et al.  An absolute rate theory model for tension control of axonal elongation. , 1992, Journal of theoretical biology.

[39]  Robert H. Singer,et al.  The cytoskeleton and mRNA localization. , 1992 .

[40]  R. Vale,et al.  Formation of membrane networks in vitro by kinesin-driven microtubule movement , 1988, The Journal of cell biology.

[41]  K. Luby-Phelps,et al.  A novel fluorescence ratiometric method confirms the low solvent viscosity of the cytoplasm. , 1993, Biophysical journal.

[42]  Michael Zuker,et al.  Optimal computer folding of large RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information , 1981, Nucleic Acids Res..

[43]  K. Suprenant.  Microtubules, ribosomes, and RNA: evidence for cytoplasmic localization and translational regulation. , 1993, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[44]  A Leung,et al.  Synchrony of cell spreading and contraction force as phagocytes engulf large pathogens , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[45]  H. Qian,et al.  Studies on the structure of actin gels using time correlation spectroscopy of fluorescent beads. , 1992, Biophysical journal.

[46]  J. Hesketh,et al.  Interaction between mRNA, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. , 1991, The Biochemical journal.

[47]  H. Kohno,et al.  A newly identified iron-binding protein in rat liver: purification and characterization. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[48]  R. Buxbaum,et al.  Liquid crystal domains and thixotropy of filamentous actin suspensions. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  A. Minton,et al.  Holobiochemistry: the effect of local environment upon the equilibria and rates of biochemical reactions. , 1990, The International journal of biochemistry.

[50]  P. Wahl,et al.  Study of the translational diffusion of macromolecules in beads of gel chromatography by the FRAP method. , 1988, Biophysical chemistry.

[51]  B. Daneholt,et al.  Translocation of a specific premessenger ribonucleoprotein particle through the nuclear pore studied with electron microscope tomography , 1992, Cell.

[52]  K. Murti,et al.  Protein kinase C associates with intermediate filaments and stress fibers. , 1992, Experimental cell research.

[53]  D. Taylor,et al.  Aldolase exists in both the fluid and solid phases of cytoplasm [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1988 Dec;107(6 Pt 1):following 2463] , 1988, The Journal of cell biology.

[54]  J. Herzfeld,et al.  Macromolecular diffusion in crowded solutions. , 1993, Biophysical journal.

[55]  T D Pollard,et al.  Nucleotide exchange, structure, and mechanical properties of filaments assembled from ATP-actin and ADP-actin. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[56]  E. Grazi,et al.  'Macromolecular crowding' is a primary factor in the organization of the cytoskeleton. , 1992, The Biochemical journal.

[57]  G. Phillies.  The hydrodynamic scaling model for polymer self-diffusion , 1989 .

[58]  O. Steward,et al.  Getting the message from the gene to the synapse: sorting and intracellular transport of RNA in neurons , 1992, Trends in Neurosciences.

[59]  P. V. von Hippel,et al.  Diffusion-controlled macromolecular interactions. , 1985, Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry.

[60]  J. Hesketh,et al.  Immunohistochemical evidence for an association of ribosomes with microfilaments in 3T3 fibroblasts. , 1991, Cell biology international reports.

[61]  K. Pienta,et al.  Nuclear‐Cytoskeletal interactions: Evidence for physical connections between the nucleus and cell periphery and their alteration by transformation , 1992, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[62]  O. Steward,et al.  Dendritic transport: quantitative analysis of the time course of somatodendritic transport of recently synthesized RNA , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[63]  P. Wiggins,et al.  Role of water in some biological processes , 1990, Microbiological reviews.

[64]  J. Howard,et al.  Flexural rigidity of microtubules and actin filaments measured from thermal fluctuations in shape , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[65]  B. Trus,et al.  The cytoplasmic matrix: its volume and surface area and the diffusion of molecules through it. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  I. Kuntz,et al.  The properties of water in biological systems. , 1974, Annual review of biophysics and bioengineering.

[67]  H. P. Kao,et al.  Determinants of the translational mobility of a small solute in cell cytoplasm , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[68]  Ling Gn.  A physical theory of the living state: application to water and solute distribution. , 1988 .

[69]  C. Gahmberg,et al.  Gene expression during normal and malignant differentiation , 1985 .

[70]  G. Fullerton,et al.  Influence of cytomatrix proteins on water and on ions in cells. , 1988, Scanning microscopy.

[71]  J. Carson,et al.  Protein translation components are colocalized in granules in oligodendrocytes. , 1995, Journal of cell science.

[72]  S. Dabora,et al.  The microtubule-dependent formation of a tubulovesicular network with characteristics of the ER from cultured cell extracts , 1988, Cell.

[73]  A. Pogo,et al.  Biogenesis of polysomes and transport of messenger RNA in yeast. , 1975, European journal of biochemistry.

[74]  K. Kwiatkowska,et al.  Effects of CapG overexpression on agonist-induced motility and second messenger generation , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[75]  Dynamic light scattering measurements of the diffusion of probes in filamentous actin solutions , 1989, Biopolymers.

[76]  Mark Ellisman,et al.  Subcellular localization of transcripts in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons: chaoptic mutants have an aberrant distribution. , 1990, Genes & development.

[77]  D. Ingber,et al.  Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton , 1993 .

[78]  P. Forscher,et al.  Cytoskeletal remodeling during growth cone-target interactions , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[79]  D. Taylor,et al.  Probing the structure of cytoplasm , 1986, The Journal of cell biology.

[80]  H. Steen,et al.  Flow cytometric measurement of the polarization of fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein in mammalian cells. , 1977, Biophysical journal.

[81]  K. Scherrer,et al.  Specific types of prosomes are associated to subnetworks of the intermediate filaments in PtK1 cells. , 1992, European Journal of Cell Biology.

[82]  E. Elson,et al.  Mechanics of fibroblast locomotion: quantitative analysis of forces and motions at the leading lamellas of fibroblasts , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[83]  J. Bereiter-Hahn,et al.  Microcompartmentation of glycolytic enzymes in cultured cells. , 1992, European journal of cell biology.

[84]  O. Berg,et al.  The influence of macromolecular crowding on thermodynamic activity: Solubility and dimerization constants for spherical and dumbbell‐shaped molecules in a hard‐sphere mixture , 1990, Biopolymers.

[85]  T. E. Webb,et al.  7 – Nucleocytoplasmic Transport of mRNA , 1981 .

[86]  V. Parsegian,et al.  Water near intracellular surfaces , 1984, The Journal of cell biology.

[87]  B. Sumegi,et al.  Organizational aspects of the citric acid cycle. , 1987, Biochemical Society symposium.

[88]  L. Chen,et al.  Dynamic behavior of endoplasmic reticulum in living cells , 1988, Cell.

[89]  B. Ware,et al.  Self-diffusion and probe diffusion in dilute and semidilute aqueous solutions of dextran , 1991 .

[90]  E. Egelman,et al.  Structural basis for the destabilization of F-actin by phosphate release following ATP hydrolysis. , 1992, Journal of molecular biology.

[91]  A. McDowall,et al.  Cytoarchitecture of size-excluding compartments in living cells. , 1993, Journal of cell science.

[92]  J. Pachter.  Association of mRNA with the cytoskeletal framework: its role in the regulation of gene expression. , 1992, Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression.

[93]  J. Hartwig,et al.  The architecture of actin filaments and the ultrastructural location of actin-binding protein in the periphery of lung macrophages , 1986, The Journal of cell biology.

[94]  J. Langowski,et al.  Structure and RNA content of the prosomes , 1992, FEBS letters.

[95]  J. Murray,et al.  Analysis of dynamic and stationary pattern formation in the cell cortex , 1992, Journal of mathematical biology.

[96]  A. Aderem,et al.  Signal transduction and the actin cytoskeleton: the roles of MARCKS and profilin. , 1992, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[97]  J. Herzfeld,et al.  Crowding-induced organization of cytoskeletal elements: I. Spontaneous demixing of cytosolic proteins and model filaments to form filament bundles. , 1993, Biophysical journal.

[98]  Richard P. C. Johnson,et al.  Laser Doppler Microscopy Of Living Cytoplasm , 1987, Other Conferences.

[99]  A. Mastro,et al.  Diffusion of a small molecule in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[100]  P. V. von Hippel,et al.  "Macromolecular crowding": thermodynamic consequences for protein-protein interactions within the T4 DNA replication complex. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[101]  A. Christensen,et al.  Circular polysomes predominate on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of somatotropes and mammotropes in the rat anterior pituitary. , 1987, The American journal of anatomy.

[102]  M. Snyder,et al.  Components required for cytokinesis are important for bud site selection in yeast , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[103]  S B Shohet,et al.  Cytoplasmic viscosity near the cell plasma membrane: measurement by evanescent field frequency-domain microfluorimetry. , 1993, Biophysical journal.

[104]  Heat-induced disturbances of intracellular movement and the consistency of the aqueous cytoplasm in HeLa S-3 cells: a laser-Doppler and proton NMR study. , 1991, Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR.

[105]  D Chandler,et al.  Van der Waals Picture of Liquids, Solids, and Phase Transformations , 1983, Science.

[106]  A. Minton,et al.  Confinement as a determinant of macromolecular structure and reactivity. , 1992, Biophysical journal.

[107]  D. Ingber,et al.  Altering the cellular mechanical force balance results in integrated changes in cell, cytoskeletal and nuclear shape. , 1992, Journal of cell science.

[108]  J H Hartwig,et al.  Human endothelial actin-binding protein (ABP-280, nonmuscle filamin): a molecular leaf spring , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[109]  E. McConkey.  Molecular evolution, intracellular organization, and the quinary structure of proteins. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.