Secular trends in reported portion size of food and beverages consumed by Irish adults

The present analysis aimed to investigate the changes in the reported portion sizes (PS) of foods and beverages commonly consumed by Irish adults (18–64 years) from the North South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997–2001) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–10). Food PS, which are defined as the weight of food (g) consumed per eating occasion, were calculated for comparable foods and beverages in two nationally representative cross-sectional Irish food consumption surveys and were published in NSIFCS and NANS. Repeated measure mixed model analysis compared reported food PS at the total population level as well as subdivided by sex, age, BMI and social class. A total of thirteen commonly consumed foods were examined. The analysis demonstrated that PS significantly increased for five foods (‘white sliced bread’, ‘brown/wholemeal breads’, ‘all meat, cooked’, ‘poultry, roasted’ and ‘milk’), significantly decreased for three (‘potatoes’, ‘chips/wedges’ and ‘ham, sliced’) and did not significantly change for five foods (‘processed potato products’, ‘bacon/ham’, ‘cheese’, ‘yogurt’ and ‘butter/spreads’) between the NSIFCS and the NANS. The present study demonstrates that there was considerable variation in the trends in reported food PS over this period.

[1]  J. Cade,et al.  Is there an association between food portion size and BMI among British adolescents? , 2014, The British journal of nutrition.

[2]  R. Mattes.  Energy intake and obesity: Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size , 2014, Physiology & Behavior.

[3]  Jane F. Watson,et al.  Food and beverage portion sizes in Australian children: a secondary analysis of 1995 and 2007 national data , 2014, BMC Public Health.

[4]  W. Wrieden,et al.  Increasing fast food portion sizes: myth or reality? , 2011, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[5]  M. Granat,et al.  Objective measurement of habitual sedentary behaviour and physical activity in pre-school children: Comparison of activPAL with Actigraph monitors , 2011, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[6]  C. Whitton,et al.  National Diet and Nutrition Survey: UK food consumption and nutrient intakes from the first year of the rolling programme and comparisons with previous surveys , 2011, British Journal of Nutrition.

[7]  Barry M. Popkin,et al.  Energy Density, Portion Size, and Eating Occasions: Contributions to Increased Energy Intake in the United States, 1977–2006 , 2011, PLoS medicine.

[8]  B. Popkin,et al.  Food portion patterns and trends among U.S. children and the relationship to total eating occasion size, 1977-2006. , 2011, The Journal of nutrition.

[9]  Chittaranjan Kole,et al.  Fruits and Nuts , 2010 .

[10]  T. Gill,et al.  Assessment of typical food portion sizes consumed among Australian adults , 2009 .

[11]  S. Ogston,et al.  Estimation of typical food portion sizes for children of different ages in Great Britain , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[12]  W. Wrieden,et al.  Have food portion sizes increased in the UK over the last 20 years? , 2008, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[13]  A. Marcos,et al.  Effects of synbiotics on intestinal and immune function , 2008, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[14]  M. Nestle,et al.  Portion Sizes and Obesity: Responses of Fast-Food Companies , 2007, Journal of public health policy.

[15]  P. Robson,et al.  Associations between daily food intake and excess adiposity in Irish adults: towards the development of food-based dietary guidelines for reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity , 2006, International Journal of Obesity.

[16]  B. Rolls,et al.  Larger portion sizes lead to a sustained increase in energy intake over 2 days. , 2006, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[17]  B. Rolls,et al.  Salad and satiety: energy density and portion size of a first-course salad affect energy intake at lunch. , 2004, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[18]  B. Popkin,et al.  Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[19]  B. Rolls,et al.  Increasing the portion size of a sandwich increases energy intake. , 2004, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[20]  B. Rolls,et al.  Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. , 2004, Obesity research.

[21]  B. Rolls,et al.  Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women , 2004, Appetite.

[22]  A. Madden.  McCance & Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Summary Edition , 2003 .

[23]  Marion Nestle,et al.  Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: implications for nutrition counseling. , 2003, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[24]  B. Popkin,et al.  Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. , 2003, JAMA.

[25]  B. Rolls,et al.  Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[26]  M. Nestle,et al.  The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. , 2002, American journal of public health.

[27]  P. Robson,et al.  The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: survey design and methodology , 2001, Public Health Nutrition.

[28]  J. Strain.  The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey , 2001, Public Health Nutrition.

[29]  G. Birch.  Meat products and dishes: Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods. RSC. 1996. W. Chan, J. Brown, S. M. Church & D. H. Buss. ISBN 085404809 x ca. 150 pp. £25.95 , 1997 .

[30]  J. Davies.  Vegetables, Herbs and Spices , 1991 .

[31]  H. Crawley.  Food Portion Sizes , 1988 .

[32]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[33]  Farm Buildings,et al.  Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food- , 1956 .

[34]  Catherine Rachel August.  Changes in Portion Size of Selected Foods from 1997 to 2008/09 in New Zealand , 2014 .

[35]  Barry M. Popkin,et al.  Patterns and Trends in Food Portion Sizes , 2013 .

[36]  C. Benson.  Increasing portion size in Britain. , 2009 .

[37]  S. Baker,et al.  Summary Report , 2006 .

[38]  D. Mitchell,et al.  Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: are portion sizes changing? , 2003, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[39]  J. Brown,et al.  Meat, poultry and game: fifth supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods. , 1995 .

[40]  J. Brown,et al.  Miscellaneous foods: Fourth supplement to the Fifth Edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. , 1994 .

[41]  B. Holland,et al.  Fish and fish products: third supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of foods'. , 1993 .

[42]  B. Holland,et al.  Vegetables, herbs and spices: fifth supplement to McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. , 1991 .

[43]  B. Holland,et al.  Milk Products and Eggs: Fourth Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's the Composition of Foods , 1989 .

[44]  A. Sockloff,et al.  Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: (revised edition), by Jacob Cohen. New York: Academic Press, 1977, xv + 474 pp., $24.50. , 1978 .