Review of radiofrequency exposure systems for in vitro biological experiments

In this work, the radiofrequency exposure systems for in vitro experiments, published in the last ten years, have been reviewed and classified. Classification is based on the experimental protocol, whether off-line or real-time systems. Moreover, according to their reference electromagnetic structure, systems have been divided in radiating, propagating and resonant. For each of these families, the main general features have been presented and discussed.

[1]  W F Pickard,et al.  The radial transmission line as a broad-band shielded exposure system for microwave irradiation of large numbers of culture flasks. , 1999, Bioelectromagnetics.

[2]  Guglielmo d'Ambrosio,et al.  Are the conformational dynamics and the ligand binding properties of myoglobin affected by exposure to microwave radiation? , 2003, European Biophysics Journal.

[3]  Jihwan Yoon,et al.  Design, Characterization, and Optimization of a Broadband Mini Exposure Chamber for Studying Catecholamine Release From Chromaffin Cells Exposed to Microwave Radiation: Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[4]  R. Araneo,et al.  Design of a Microstrip Antenna Setup for Bio-Experiments on Exposure to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[5]  B E Stuck,et al.  Comparative effects of extremely high power microwave pulses and a brief CW irradiation on pacemaker function in isolated frog heart slices. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[6]  Eli Jerby,et al.  Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability , 2003 .

[7]  Theodoros Samaras,et al.  Reevaluation and improved design of the TEM cell in vitro exposure unit for replication studies , 2005, Bioelectromagnetics.

[8]  Micaela Liberti,et al.  Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave fields on liposomes entrapping glycoenzyme ascorbate oxidase: Evidence for oligosaccharide side chain involvement , 2004, Bioelectromagnetics.

[9]  Marek Zmyślony,et al.  Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron ions , 2004, Bioelectromagnetics.

[10]  I. Chatterjee,et al.  A novel waveguide-based radio frequency/microwave exposure system for studying nonthermal effects on neurotransmitter Release-finite-difference time-domain modeling , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[11]  J Streckert,et al.  Membrane potential and currents of isolated heart muscle cells exposed to pulsed radio frequency fields. , 1999, Bioelectromagnetics.

[12]  Jan Gimsa,et al.  A new exposure system for the in vitro detection of GHz field effects on neuronal networks. , 2007, Bioelectrochemistry.

[13]  Masao Taki,et al.  Effects of continuous and intermittent exposure to RF fields with a wide range of SARs on cell growth, survival, and cell cycle distribution , 2006, Bioelectromagnetics.

[14]  N. Kuster,et al.  In vitro exposure systems for RF exposures at 900 MHz , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[15]  J. Zhao,et al.  Numerical dosimetry for cells under millimetre-wave irradiation using Petri dish exposure set-ups , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[16]  L Laval,et al.  A new in vitro exposure device for the mobile frequency of 900 MHz. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[17]  Rosanna Pinto,et al.  Effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on in vitro models of neurodegenerative disease , 2009, Bioelectromagnetics.

[18]  I. Chatterjee,et al.  Design, Characterization, and Optimization of a Waveguide-Based RF/MW Exposure System for Studying Nonthermal Effects on Skeletal Muscle Contraction , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[19]  B. Persson,et al.  Nonthermal GSM microwaves affect chromatin conformation in human lymphocytes similar to heat shock , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[20]  Gastone Castellani,et al.  In Vitro Exposure of Human Lymphocytes to 900 MHz CW and GSM Modulated Radiofrequency: Studies of Proliferation, Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential , 2004, Radiation research.

[21]  Abiy B Desta,et al.  Non-thermal Exposure to Radiofrequency Energy from Digital Wireless Phones does not Affect Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in L929 Cells , 2003, Radiation research.

[22]  Anthony T Barker,et al.  Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields on Nonthermal Induction of Heat-Shock Proteins in Human Leukocytes , 2005, Radiation research.

[23]  V Lopresto,et al.  1800 MHz in vitro exposure device for experimental studies on the effects of mobile communication systems. , 2004, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[24]  Shinji Uebayashi,et al.  Large scale in vitro experiment system for 2 GHz exposure. , 2004, Bioelectromagnetics.

[25]  A. Guy,et al.  "A quarter century of in vitro research: A new look at exposure methods" , 1999, Bioelectromagnetics.

[26]  N Kuster,et al.  Recommended minimal requirements and development guidelines for exposure setups of bio-experiments addressing the health risk concern of wireless communications. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[27]  San Ming Wang,et al.  Analytical and Experimental Dosimetry of a Cell Culture in T-25 Flask Housed in a Thermally Controlled Waveguide , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[28]  Pietro Alifano,et al.  A suitable plane transmission line at 900MHz rf fields for E. coli DNA studies , 2005 .

[29]  A. Sannino,et al.  Lack of Genotoxic Effects (Micronucleus Induction) in Human Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields , 2003, Radiation research.

[30]  Guglielmo d'Ambrosio,et al.  SAR and efficiency evaluation of a 900 MHz waveguide chamber for cell exposure. , 2008, Bioelectromagnetics.

[31]  A. Schirmacher,et al.  Electromagnetic fields (1.8 GHz) increase the permeability to sucrose of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[32]  George Sajin,et al.  Cell membrane permeabilization of human erythrocytes by athermal 2450-MHz microwave radiation , 2000 .

[33]  Xiaodong Chen,et al.  Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices , 2001, Brain Research.

[34]  F. Apollonio,et al.  A coplanar-waveguide system for cells exposure during electrophysiological recordings , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[35]  R. Beccherelli,et al.  A Real-Time Exposure System for Electrophysiological Recording in Brain Slices , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[36]  W. Khalil,et al.  Effect of microwave radiation on the biophysical properties of liposomes , 2005, Bioelectromagnetics.

[37]  N Kuster,et al.  Design, optimization, realization, and analysis of an in vitro system for the exposure of embryonic stem cells at 1.71 GHz. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[38]  Eduardo G. Moros,et al.  Experimental and numerical determination of SAR distributions within culture flasks in a dielectric loaded radial transmission line , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[39]  M. Scarfì,et al.  Evaluation of genotoxic effects in human peripheral blood leukocytes following an acute in vitro exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields , 2005, Bioelectromagnetics.

[40]  R. Massa,et al.  A high-efficiency waveguide applicator for in vitro exposure of mammalian cells at 1.95 GHz , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[41]  J. Mathieu,et al.  Non-thermal effects of continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves on Fas-induced apoptosis in human Jurkat T-cell line. , 2000, Bioelectrochemistry.

[42]  A. Barker,et al.  FDTD design of RF dosimetry apparatus to quantify the effects of near fields from mobile handsets on stress response mechanisms of human whole blood , 2002 .

[43]  N. Kuster,et al.  High peak SAR exposure unit with tight exposure and environmental control for in vitro experiments at 1800 MHz , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[44]  Jukka Juutilainen,et al.  Apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation is enhanced by amplitude modulated radiofrequency radiation in mutant yeast cells , 2004, Bioelectromagnetics.

[45]  J. Mcnamee,et al.  Cylindrical waveguide applicator for in vitro exposure of cell culture samples to 1.9‐GHz radiofrequency fields , 2002, Bioelectromagnetics.