Non-Seismic Geophysical Approaches to Monitoring

This chapter deals with the application of a number of different geophysical techniques for monitoring geologic storage of CO 2 . The relative merits of the seismic, gravity, electromagnetic (EM) and streaming potential (SP) geophysical techniques as monitoring tools are examined. The chapter evaluates the capabilities of a number of geophysical techniques on two synthetic modeling scenarios. The first scenario represents combined CO 2 enhance oil recovery (EOR) and storage in a producing oil field, the Schrader Bluff field on the north slope of Alaska, USA. The second scenario is of a pilot DOE CO 2 storage experiment scheduled for summer 2004 in the Frio Brine Formation in South Texas, USA. Numerical flow simulations of the CO 2 injection process for each case were converted to geophysical models using petrophysical models developed from well log data. These coupled flow simulation-geophysical models allow comparison of the performance of monitoring techniques over time on realistic 3D models by generating simulated responses at different times during the CO 2 injection process. These time-lapse measurements are used to produce time-lapse changes in geophysical measurements that can be related to the movement of CO 2 within the injection interval.

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