Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis.

[1]  D. B. Lombard,et al.  SIRT6 in DNA repair, metabolism and ageing , 2008, Journal of internal medicine.

[2]  K. Vousden,et al.  PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[3]  Young-Guen Kwon,et al.  Regulation of apoptosis by nitrosative stress. , 2002, Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology.

[4]  S. Ryter,et al.  Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress. , 2007, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[5]  C. Kaiser,et al.  Two pairs of conserved cysteines are required for the oxidative activity of Ero1p in protein disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum. , 2000, Molecular biology of the cell.

[6]  N. Bulleid,et al.  Glutathione Directly Reduces an Oxidoreductase in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Mammalian Cells* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  C. Harris,et al.  Developmental ontogeny of NAD+ kinase in the rat conceptus. , 2001, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[8]  M. Peter,et al.  The CD95 type I/type II model. , 2003, Seminars in immunology.

[9]  T. Yoshihara,et al.  Localization of Cytosolic NADP-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in the Peroxisomes of Rat Liver Cells , 2001, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[10]  Y. Ikawa,et al.  Dimerization and Processing of Procaspase-9 by Redox Stress in Mitochondria* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[11]  R. Dringen,et al.  The regeneration of reduced glutathione in rat forebrain mitochondria identifies metabolic pathways providing the NADPH required , 1999, Neuroscience Letters.

[12]  S. Morton,et al.  Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  Yahong Lin,et al.  TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires Bax-dependent mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO. , 2002, Genes & development.

[14]  B. Brüne,et al.  Nitric oxide donors inhibit formation of the Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome and activation of caspases. , 2003, The Biochemical journal.

[15]  J. Armstrong,et al.  Role of calcium and cyclophilin D in the regulation of mitochondrial permeabilization induced by glutathione depletion. , 2007, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[16]  N. Bulleid,et al.  The role of glutathione in disulphide bond formation and endoplasmic‐reticulum‐generated oxidative stress , 2006, EMBO reports.

[17]  B. Jung-Hynes,et al.  Role of Sirtuin Histone Deacetylase SIRT1 in Prostate Cancer , 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[18]  Jeen-Woo Park,et al.  Cellular defense against heat shock-induced oxidative damage by mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase , 2005, Free radical research.

[19]  Steven P. Gygi,et al.  Stress-Dependent Regulation of FOXO Transcription Factors by the SIRT1 Deacetylase , 2004, Science.

[20]  Qinghong Zhang,et al.  Regulation of Corepressor Function by Nuclear NADH , 2002, Science.

[21]  D. Dhanasekaran,et al.  JNK signaling in apoptosis , 2008, Oncogene.

[22]  C. Cross,et al.  Oxygen-derived species: their relation to human disease and environmental stress. , 1994, Environmental health perspectives.

[23]  Yahong Lin,et al.  A JNK-Dependent Pathway Is Required for TNFα-Induced Apoptosis , 2003, Cell.

[24]  Wang Min,et al.  AIP1/DAB2IP, a Novel Member of the Ras-GAP Family, Transduces TRAF2-induced ASK1-JNK Activation* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[25]  T. Aw,et al.  Differential susceptibility of naive and differentiated PC-12 cells to methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis: influence of cellular redox. , 2005, Current neurovascular research.

[26]  D. Kabelitz,et al.  Compartmentalization of TNF receptor 1 signaling: internalized TNF receptosomes as death signaling vesicles. , 2004, Immunity.

[27]  D. Goeddel,et al.  Prevention of constitutive TNF receptor 1 signaling by silencer of death domains. , 1999, Science.

[28]  H. Ichijo,et al.  Thioredoxin and protein kinases in redox signaling. , 2006, Seminars in cancer biology.

[29]  T. Billiar,et al.  Nitric oxide prevents tumor necrosis factor α–induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis by the interruption of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through S‐nitrosylation of caspase‐8 , 2000, Hepatology.

[30]  A. Zeiher,et al.  Nitric Oxide Inhibits Caspase-3 by S-Nitrosationin Vivo * , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[31]  L. Ghibelli,et al.  Apoptotic GSH Extrusion Is Associated with Free Radical Generation , 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[32]  Y. Lin,et al.  Cleavage of the death domain kinase RIP by caspase-8 prompts TNF-induced apoptosis. , 1999, Genes & development.

[33]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Smac, a Mitochondrial Protein that Promotes Cytochrome c–Dependent Caspase Activation by Eliminating IAP Inhibition , 2000, Cell.

[34]  L. Guarente,et al.  Mouse Sir2 Homolog SIRT6 Is a Nuclear ADP-ribosyltransferase* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[35]  H. Jo,et al.  Reversible glutathiolation of caspase-3 by glutaredoxin as a novel redox signaling mechanism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced cell death. , 2007, Circulation research.

[36]  J. Milner,et al.  Cancer-specific functions of SIRT1 enable human epithelial cancer cell growth and survival. , 2005, Cancer research.

[37]  H. Deng,et al.  Inhibition of caspase-3 activity and activation by protein glutathionylation. , 2008, Biochemical pharmacology.

[38]  L. Guarente,et al.  Calorie Restriction— the SIR2 Connection , 2005, Cell.

[39]  D. Nicholson,et al.  Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death , 1999, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[40]  A. Guse.  Second messenger function and the structure–activity relationship of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) , 2005, The FEBS journal.

[41]  I. Ceballos-Picot,et al.  Mitochondrial impairment as an early event in the process of apoptosis induced by glutathione depletion in neuronal cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease. , 1998, Biochemical pharmacology.

[42]  Toshiyuki Shimizu,et al.  Epigenetic Control of rDNA Loci in Response to Intracellular Energy Status , 2008, Cell.

[43]  E. Gulbins,et al.  Acid sphingomyelinase and its redox amplification in formation of lipid raft redox signaling platforms in endothelial cells. , 2007, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[44]  B. Gaston,et al.  S-Nitrosylation of mitochondrial caspases , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[45]  John M Abrams,et al.  Caspase activation – stepping on the gas or releasing the brakes? Lessons from humans and flies , 2004, Oncogene.

[46]  K. Tyler,et al.  Glutathione Binding to the Bcl-2 Homology-3 Domain Groove , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[47]  Peter Schow,et al.  Tumor-cell resistance to death receptor–induced apoptosis through mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax , 2002, Nature Medicine.

[48]  Delin Chen,et al.  Negative Control of p53 by Sir2α Promotes Cell Survival under Stress , 2001, Cell.

[49]  P. Pelicci,et al.  Apoptosis and aging: role of p66Shc redox protein. , 2006, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[50]  I. Fabregat,et al.  Efficient execution of cell death in non-glycolytic cells requires the generation of ROS controlled by the activity of mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase. , 2006, Carcinogenesis.

[51]  T. Billiar,et al.  Adenoviral transfer of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene blocks endothelial cell apoptosis. , 1997, Surgery.

[52]  B. Freeman,et al.  Cytochrome c Nitration by Peroxynitrite* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[53]  M. Ziegler,et al.  NAD Kinase Levels Control the NADPH Concentration in Human Cells* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[54]  M. Birrer,et al.  The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase/AP-1 pathway is required for efficient apoptosis induced by vinblastine. , 2001, Cancer research.

[55]  D. Clayton.  Transcription of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. , 1984, Annual review of biochemistry.

[56]  Z. A. Wood,et al.  Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins. , 2003, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[57]  D. Baltimore,et al.  Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) by the adapter protein Daxx. , 1998, Science.

[58]  T. Aw,et al.  NRF2-dependent glutamate-L-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit expression mediates insulin protection against hyperglycemia- induced brain endothelial cell apoptosis. , 2006, Current neurovascular research.

[59]  D. Vaux,et al.  Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and their relatives: IAPs and other BIRPs , 2001, Genome Biology.

[60]  J. Rydström,et al.  Selective oxidation of mitochondrial glutathione in cultured rat adrenal cells and its relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced cytotoxicity. , 1989, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[61]  S. Tannenbaum,et al.  S-Nitrosation Regulates the Activation of Endogenous Procaspase-9 in HT-29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[62]  N. Washida,et al.  Sirt1 protects against oxidative stress-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis by the bidirectional regulation of catalase expression. , 2008, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[63]  T. Aw,et al.  Lipid hydroperoxide‐induced apoptosis in human colonic CaCo‐2 cells is associated with an early loss of cellular redox balance , 2000, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[64]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  Seoung Woo Shin,et al.  Silencing of mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by small interfering RNA enhances heat shock-induced apoptosis. , 2008, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[66]  J. Auwerx,et al.  Sirtuin functions in health and disease. , 2007, Molecular endocrinology.

[67]  T. Aw,et al.  Contribution of glutathione status to oxidant-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in colonic epithelial cells. , 2009, Free radical biology & medicine.

[68]  Y. Janssen-Heininger,et al.  Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling through Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Leads to Selective Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[69]  M. Zeng,et al.  Fas-induced caspase denitrosylation. , 1999, Science.

[70]  D. Goeddel,et al.  The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-κB activation , 1995, Cell.

[71]  M. J. MacDonald,et al.  Evidence for the malate aspartate shuttle in pancreatic islets. , 1982, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[72]  I. Kurnikov,et al.  Nitric Oxide Inhibits Peroxidase Activity of Cytochrome c· Cardiolipin Complex and Blocks Cardiolipin Oxidation* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[73]  Shile Huang,et al.  Cadmium activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway via induction of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of protein phosphatases 2A and 5. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[74]  A. J. Lambert,et al.  Superoxide production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) depends on the pH gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. , 2004, The Biochemical journal.

[75]  Shiwei Song,et al.  A role for the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in regulating energy homeostasis , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[76]  C. Zwizinski,et al.  Peroxidative damage to cardiac mitochondria. II. Immunological analysis of modified adenine nucleotide translocase. , 1994, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[77]  V. Dixit,et al.  Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. , 1999, Current opinion in cell biology.

[78]  Guy C. Brown,et al.  Mitochondrial Regulation of Caspase Activation by Cytochrome Oxidase and Tetramethylphenylenediamine via Cytosolic Cytochrome c Redox State* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[79]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Acetaldehyde impairs mitochondrial glutathione transport in HepG2 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. , 2003, Gastroenterology.

[80]  Y. Tsujimoto,et al.  Role of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in cell death , 2007, Apoptosis.

[81]  A. Yashin,et al.  Variability of the SIRT3 gene, human silent information regulator Sir2 homologue, and survivorship in the elderly , 2003, Experimental Gerontology.

[82]  Eric Verdin,et al.  Mammalian Sir2 Homolog SIRT3 Regulates Global Mitochondrial Lysine Acetylation , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[83]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Impaired uptake of glutathione by hepatic mitochondria from chronic ethanol-fed rats. Tracer kinetic studies in vitro and in vivo and susceptibility to oxidant stress. , 1991, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[84]  C Gélinas,et al.  The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-kappaB that blocks TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. , 1999, Genes & development.

[85]  V. Appanna,et al.  Oxidative Stress Evokes a Metabolic Adaptation That Favors Increased NADPH Synthesis and Decreased NADH Production in Pseudomonas fluorescens , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[86]  K. Moelling,et al.  Heteromeric complex formation of ASK2 and ASK1 regulates stress-induced signaling. , 2007, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[87]  Byungki Jang,et al.  Biochemical properties of cytochrome c nitrated by peroxynitrite. , 2006, Biochimie.

[88]  D. Goeddel,et al.  The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappa B activation. , 1995, Cell.

[89]  松浦 宙.  Phosphorylation-dependent scaffolding role of JSAP1/JIP3 in the ASK1-JNK signaling pathway : a new mode of regulation of the MAP kinase cascade , 2002 .

[90]  T. Aw,et al.  Contribution of mitochondrial GSH transport to matrix GSH status and colonic epithelial cell apoptosis. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[91]  K. Shimamoto,et al.  Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of the NAD+-dependent Histone Deacetylase SIRT1* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[92]  B. Berk,et al.  Glutathiolation Regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-&agr;–Induced Caspase-3 Cleavage and Apoptosis: Key Role for Glutaredoxin in the Death Pathway , 2007, Circulation research.

[93]  Alexei Degterev,et al.  A decade of caspases , 2003, Oncogene.

[94]  P. Jocelyn,et al.  The non-protein thiol of rat liver mitochondria. , 1974, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[95]  Qun Chen,et al.  Depletion of cardiolipin and cytochrome c during ischemia increases hydrogen peroxide production from the electron transport chain. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[96]  C. Steegborn,et al.  Substrates and regulation mechanisms for the human mitochondrial sirtuins Sirt3 and Sirt5. , 2008, Journal of molecular biology.

[97]  F. Alt,et al.  SIRT4 Inhibits Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Opposes the Effects of Calorie Restriction in Pancreatic β Cells , 2006, Cell.

[98]  P. Pandolfi,et al.  Targeted disruption of the housekeeping gene encoding glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD is dispensable for pentose synthesis but essential for defense against oxidative stress. , 1995, The EMBO journal.

[99]  T. Billiar,et al.  Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. , 2001, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[100]  V. Pistoia,et al.  Mechanisms of BSO (L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine)-induced cytotoxic effects in neuroblastoma. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[101]  M. Karin,et al.  The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Itch Couples JNK Activation to TNFα-induced Cell Death by Inducing c-FLIPL Turnover , 2006, Cell.

[102]  S. Mueller,et al.  Compartment-dependent management of H(2)O(2) by peroxisomes. , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[103]  Muyang Li,et al.  Acetylation of p53 Inhibits Its Ubiquitination by Mdm2* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[104]  V. Skulachev,et al.  High protonic potential actuates a mechanism of production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria , 1997, FEBS letters.

[105]  M. Roizen.  SIRT1 redistribution on chromatin promotes genomic stability but alters gene expression during aging , 2009 .

[106]  V. Borutaite,et al.  Caspases are reversibly inactivated by hydrogen peroxide , 2001, FEBS letters.

[107]  H. Ichijo,et al.  Thioredoxin and TRAF Family Proteins Regulate Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Activation of ASK1 through Reciprocal Modulation of the N-Terminal Homophilic Interaction of ASK1 , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[108]  H. Nakamura,et al.  Redox regulation of cellular activation. , 1997, Annual review of immunology.

[109]  Sam W. Lee,et al.  Influence of Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in p53-Mediated Cell Fate Decisions , 2003, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[110]  J. Tschopp,et al.  Induction of TNF Receptor I-Mediated Apoptosis via Two Sequential Signaling Complexes , 2003, Cell.

[111]  T. Aw,et al.  Early redox imbalance mediates hydroperoxide-induced apoptosis in mitotic competent undifferentiated PC-12 cells , 2002, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[112]  T. Tan,et al.  MAPKKK6, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, that associates with MAPKKK5. , 1998, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[113]  T. Aw,et al.  Decreased susceptibility of differentiated PC12 cells to oxidative challenge: relationship to cellular redox and expression of apoptotic protease activator factor-1 , 2005, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[114]  P. Chiarugi,et al.  Dual role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in hypoxia signaling: activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B via c-SRC and oxidant-dependent cell death. , 2007, Cancer research.

[115]  Y. Ho,et al.  Isolation of liver nuclei that retain functional trans-membrane transport. , 1997, Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.

[116]  D. Schaffer,et al.  Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial-superoxide generation and apoptosis. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[117]  M. Suntharalingam,et al.  Role of Glutaredoxin in Metabolic Oxidative Stress , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[118]  M. Carraway,et al.  Glutathione regulates susceptibility to oxidant-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human lymphocytes. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[119]  Freya Q. Schafer,et al.  Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[120]  Sten Orrenius,et al.  Cytochrome c release from mitochondria proceeds by a two-step process , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[121]  T. Uzu,et al.  Silent information regulator 2 (SIRT1) attenuates oxidative stress-induced mesangial cell apoptosis via p53 deacetylation. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[122]  L. Guarente,et al.  Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT7 is an activator of RNA polymerase I transcription. , 2006, Genes & development.

[123]  J. Azuma,et al.  Apoptotic cascade initiated by angiotensin II in neonatal cardiomyocytes: role of DNA damage. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[124]  M. Beal,et al.  Mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex generates reactive oxygen species. , 2004, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[125]  S. Ledoux,et al.  Troglitazone, but not rosiglitazone, damages mitochondrial DNA and induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in human hepatocytes. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[126]  M. Czaja,et al.  NF‐κB inhibition sensitizes hepatocytes to TNF‐induced apoptosis through a sustained activation of JNK and c‐Jun , 2002, Hepatology.

[127]  J. Cidlowski,et al.  Glutathione Depletion Is Necessary for Apoptosis in Lymphoid Cells Independent of Reactive Oxygen Species Formation* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[128]  T. Billiar,et al.  Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits seven members of the caspase family via S-nitrosylation. , 1997, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[129]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Differential oxidation of thioredoxin-1, thioredoxin-2, and glutathione by metal ions. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[130]  M. Dimanche-Boitrel,et al.  Role of Intracellular Glutathione in Cell Sensitivity to the Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/Anticancer Drug Combinations , 2005, Clinical Cancer Research.

[131]  José M Bautista,et al.  Failure to increase glucose consumption through the pentose-phosphate pathway results in the death of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene-deleted mouse embryonic stem cells subjected to oxidative stress. , 2003, The Biochemical journal.

[132]  Ki-Young Lee,et al.  TAK1, but not TAB1 or TAB2, plays an essential role in multiple signaling pathways in vivo. , 2005, Genes & development.

[133]  J. Martinou,et al.  Bid Induces the Oligomerization and Insertion of Bax into the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[134]  Tak Yee Aw,et al.  Glutathione and apoptosis , 2008, Free radical research.

[135]  Y. Oh,et al.  Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase protects human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells against oxidative stress , 2007, Journal of neuroscience research.

[136]  J. Sastre,et al.  Mitochondrial glutathione oxidation correlates with age‐associated oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA , 1996, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[137]  J. Turrens,et al.  Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[138]  S. Korsmeyer,et al.  Cyclophilin D is a component of mitochondrial permeability transition and mediates neuronal cell death after focal cerebral ischemia. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[139]  Kohei Miyazono,et al.  Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase (ASK) 1 , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[140]  J. Denu,et al.  The human Sir2 ortholog, SIRT2, is an NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase. , 2003, Molecular cell.

[141]  Jeffrey Robbins,et al.  Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death , 2005, Nature.

[142]  W. Zong,et al.  The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB that blocks TNFα-induced apoptosis , 1999 .

[143]  D. Voehringer,et al.  Bcl-2 expression causes redistribution of glutathione to the nucleus. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[144]  D. Sorescu,et al.  FOXO3A Regulates Peroxiredoxin III Expression in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[145]  B. Epe,et al.  Influence of glutathione levels and heat-shock on the steady-state levels of oxidative DNA base modifications in mammalian cells. , 1999, Carcinogenesis.

[146]  B. Zhivotovsky,et al.  The Mitochondrial TOM Complex Is Required for tBid/Bax-induced Cytochrome c Release* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[147]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  The ADP/ATP translocator is not essential for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore , 2004, Nature.

[148]  L. Guarente,et al.  The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. , 2004, Annual review of biochemistry.

[149]  Cuk-Seong Kim,et al.  SIRT1 deacetylates APE1 and regulates cellular base excision repair , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[150]  Christian Stehlik,et al.  Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB–regulated X-chromosome–linked iap Gene Expression Protects Endothelial Cells from Tumor Necrosis Factor α–induced Apoptosis , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[151]  Q. Tong,et al.  SIRT3, a Mitochondrial Sirtuin Deacetylase, Regulates Mitochondrial Function and Thermogenesis in Brown Adipocytes* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[152]  D. J. Reed,et al.  Retention of oxidized glutathione by isolated rat liver mitochondria during hydroperoxide treatment. , 1988, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[153]  M. Scott,et al.  NADPH, not glutathione, status modulates oxidant sensitivity in normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient erythrocytes. , 1991, Blood.

[154]  Christoph H Emmerich,et al.  TRAIL signalling: decisions between life and death. , 2007, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[155]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Oxidation of nuclear thioredoxin during oxidative stress , 2003, FEBS letters.

[156]  H. Fu,et al.  Suppression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-induced cell death by 14-3-3 proteins. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[157]  C. Thompson,et al.  Bcl-2-family proteins: the role of the BH3 domain in apoptosis. , 1998, Trends in cell biology.

[158]  T. Aw,et al.  The role of GSH efflux in staurosporine-induced apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells. , 2009, Biochemical pharmacology.

[159]  Yahong Lin,et al.  A JNK-dependent pathway is required for TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. , 2003, Cell.

[160]  C. Szabó,et al.  The Therapeutic Potential of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors , 2002, Pharmacological Reviews.

[161]  Hon Cheung Lee,et al.  Physiological functions of cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP as calcium messengers. , 2001, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[162]  Sanjoy Ghosh,et al.  Cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by short-term diabetes requires mitochondrial GSH depletion. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[163]  Jean-Claude Martinou,et al.  Bid-induced Conformational Change of Bax Is Responsible for Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Release during Apoptosis , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[164]  T. Aw,et al.  Hyperglycemia potentiates carbonyl stress-induced apoptosis in naïve PC-12 cells: relationship to cellular redox and activator protease factor-1 expression. , 2005, Current neurovascular research.

[165]  E. Gulbins,et al.  Lipid Raft Clustering and Redox Signaling Platform Formation in Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells , 2006, Hypertension.

[166]  Tak Yee Aw,et al.  Apoptosis in mitotic competent undifferentiated cells is induced by cellular redox imbalance independent of reactive oxygen species production , 2002, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[167]  R. Schnellmann.  Renal mitochondrial glutathione transport. , 1991, Life sciences.

[168]  B. Van Houten,et al.  Role of mitochondrial DNA in toxic responses to oxidative stress. , 2006, DNA repair.

[169]  A. Meister,et al.  Glutathione and related gamma-glutamyl compounds: biosynthesis and utilization. , 1976, Annual review of biochemistry.

[170]  J. Fernandez-Checa,et al.  Mitochondrial glutathione: Hepatocellular survival–death switch , 2006, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[171]  In Sup Kil,et al.  Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase enhances the sensitivity of HeLa cells toward tumor necrosis factor-alpha and anticancer drugs. , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[172]  R. Schiestl,et al.  Glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine induces DNA deletions in mice. , 2006, Carcinogenesis.

[173]  A. Cederbaum,et al.  Role of cytochrome P450 in phospholipase A2- and arachidonic acid-mediated cytotoxicity. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[174]  Wafik S El-Deiry,et al.  Distinct Signaling Pathways in TRAIL- versus Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Apoptosis , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[175]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of thiol/disulfide redox systems: a perspective on redox systems biology. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[176]  E. Seeberg,et al.  Human OGG1 undergoes serine phosphorylation and associates with the nuclear matrix and mitotic chromatin in vivo. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[177]  M. Beal,et al.  Mitochondrial α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Generates Reactive Oxygen Species , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[178]  Qing Zhao,et al.  Cytochrome c acts as a cardiolipin oxygenase required for release of proapoptotic factors , 2005, Nature chemical biology.

[179]  C. Hallas,et al.  The role of receptor internalization in CD95 signaling , 2006, The EMBO journal.

[180]  T. Aw,et al.  Differential Effects of Superoxide Dismutase Isoform Expression on Hydroperoxide-induced Apoptosis in PC-12 Cells* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[181]  Michael Karin,et al.  Reactive Oxygen Species Promote TNFα-Induced Death and Sustained JNK Activation by Inhibiting MAP Kinase Phosphatases , 2005, Cell.

[182]  J. Fujii,et al.  Suppression of the pro-apoptotic function of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen via a haem redox state-independent mechanism. , 2005, The Biochemical journal.

[183]  S. Orrenius,et al.  Visualization of the compartmentalization of glutathione and protein‐glutathione mixed disulfides in cultured cells , 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[184]  V. Borutaite,et al.  Regulation of apoptosis by the redox state of cytochrome c. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[185]  R. Zangar,et al.  Mechanisms that regulate production of reactive oxygen species by cytochrome P450. , 2004, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[186]  W. Craigen,et al.  Voltage-dependent anion channels are dispensable for mitochondrial-dependent cell death , 2007, Nature Cell Biology.

[187]  Liying Wang,et al.  The Fas Death Signaling Pathway Connecting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and FLICE Inhibitory Protein Down-Regulation1 , 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

[188]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Redox compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[189]  H. Kuriyama,et al.  Continuous internalization of tumor necrosis factor receptors in a human myosarcoma cell line. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[190]  J. Sastre,et al.  Glutathione Is Recruited into the Nucleus in Early Phases of Cell Proliferation* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[191]  T. Hashikawa,et al.  Mitochondrial protease Omi/HtrA2 enhances caspase activation through multiple pathways , 2004, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[192]  M. L. Genova,et al.  Role of Mitochondria in Oxidative Stress and Aging , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[193]  T. Hagen,et al.  Assessment of endoplasmic reticulum glutathione redox status is confounded by extensive ex vivo oxidation. , 2008, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[194]  M. Lutter,et al.  tBid interaction with cardiolipin primarily orchestrates mitochondrial dysfunctions and subsequently activates Bax and Bak , 2005, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[195]  A. A. Starkov,et al.  Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species , 2005, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[196]  Ying Guo,et al.  SIRT1 regulates apoptosis and Nanog expression in mouse embryonic stem cells by controlling p53 subcellular localization. , 2008, Cell stem cell.

[197]  S. Cook,et al.  Regulation of bcl-2 family proteins during development and in response to oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes: association with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. , 1999, Circulation research.

[198]  I. C. Hunton,et al.  Blockade of Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Bid Cleavage by Caspase-resistant Rb* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[199]  H. Fu,et al.  Activation of Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1 by Reactive Oxygen Species through Dephosphorylation at Serine 967 and 14-3-3 Dissociation* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[200]  J. Sastre,et al.  Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and glutathione oxidation in apoptosis: studies in vivo and in vitro , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[201]  Zhi-Min Yuan,et al.  Translocation of SAPK/JNK to Mitochondria and Interaction with Bcl-xL in Response to DNA Damage* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[202]  M. Carraway,et al.  Rapid mtDNA deletion by oxidants in rat liver mitochondria after hemin exposure. , 2002, Free radical biology & medicine.

[203]  L. Tretter,et al.  Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Reaction Catalyzed by α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[204]  Brian C. Smith,et al.  Mechanisms and molecular probes of sirtuins. , 2008, Chemistry & biology.

[205]  N. Müller,et al.  Enforced covalent trimerization increases the activity of the TNF ligand family members TRAIL and CD95L , 2007, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[206]  A. Ashkenazi,et al.  Apo2L/TRAIL and its death and decoy receptors , 2003, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[207]  E. Gulbins,et al.  Ceramide: a novel player in reactive oxygen species-induced signaling? , 2007, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[208]  J. Tschopp,et al.  NF-κB Signals Induce the Expression of c-FLIP , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[209]  Emad S. Alnemri,et al.  Ordering the Cytochrome c–initiated Caspase Cascade: Hierarchical Activation of Caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a Caspase-9–dependent Manner , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[210]  V. Appanna,et al.  A Novel Strategy Involved Anti-Oxidative Defense: The Conversion of NADH into NADPH by a Metabolic Network , 2008, PloS one.

[211]  Á. Almeida,et al.  Regulation of glycolysis and pentose-phosphate pathway by nitric oxide: impact on neuronal survival. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[212]  W. Min,et al.  Thioredoxin-2 Inhibits Mitochondria-Located ASK1-Mediated Apoptosis in a JNK-Independent Manner , 2004, Circulation research.

[213]  M. Madesh,et al.  VDAC-dependent permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane by superoxide induces rapid and massive cytochrome c release , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[214]  L. Guarente,et al.  Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. , 2001, Cell.

[215]  K. Krause,et al.  The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. , 2007, Physiological reviews.

[216]  S. Rhee,et al.  Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling. , 2005, Free radical biology & medicine.

[217]  Seon-Hee Oh,et al.  A rapid and transient ROS generation by cadmium triggers apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathway in HepG2 cells and this is inhibited through N-acetylcysteine-mediated catalase upregulation. , 2006, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[218]  Jianfei Jiang,et al.  Oxidative lipidomics of apoptosis: redox catalytic interactions of cytochrome c with cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine. , 2004, Free radical biology & medicine.

[219]  H. Ichijo,et al.  Redox control of cell fate by MAP kinase: physiological roles of ASK1-MAP kinase pathway in stress signaling. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[220]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Nuclear and mitochondrial compartmentation of oxidative stress and redox signaling. , 2006, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[221]  K. Kinnally,et al.  Is MAC the knife that cuts cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis? , 2006, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[222]  N. Miyata,et al.  Nitration of specific tyrosine residues of cytochrome C is associated with caspase-cascade inactivation. , 2007, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[223]  Ruedi Aebersold,et al.  Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor , 1999, Nature.

[224]  V. Skulachev.  Bioenergetic aspects of apoptosis, necrosis and mitoptosis , 2006, Apoptosis.

[225]  N. Sundaresan,et al.  SIRT3 Is a Stress-Responsive Deacetylase in Cardiomyocytes That Protects Cells from Stress-Mediated Cell Death by Deacetylation of Ku70 , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[226]  A. Colell,et al.  Critical Role of Mitochondrial Glutathione in the Survival of Hepatocytes during Hypoxia* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[227]  J. Yager,et al.  Enhanced mitochondrial gene transcript, ATP, bcl-2 protein levels, and altered glutathione distribution in ethinyl estradiol-treated cultured female rat hepatocytes. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[228]  E. Kolettas,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis by inactivating procaspase-9 in an iron-dependent manner. , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[229]  M. McKenna,et al.  Mitochondrial malic enzyme activity is much higher in mitochondria from cortical synaptic terminals compared with mitochondria from primary cultures of cortical neurons or cerebellar granule cells , 2000, Neurochemistry International.