Multiversion scheduling in rechargeable energy-aware real-time systems

In the context of battery-powered real-time systems three constraints need to be addressed: energy; deadlines; and task rewards. Many future real-time systems will count on different software versions, each with different rewards, time and energy requirements, to achieve a variety of QoS-aware tradeoffs. We propose a solution that allows the device to run the most valuable task versions while still meeting all deadlines and without depleting the energy. Assuming that the battery is rechargeable, we also propose: (a) a static solution that maximizes the system value assuming a worst-case scenario (i.e., worst-case task execution times); and (b) a dynamic scheme that takes advantage of the extra energy in the system when worst-case scenarios do not happen. Three dynamic policies are shown to make better use of the recharging energy while improving the system value.

[1]  Daniel P. Siewiorek,et al.  Practical solutions for QoS-based resource allocation problems , 1998, Proceedings 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (Cat. No.98CB36279).

[2]  Rami Melhem,et al.  Multi-version scheduling in rechargeable energy-aware real-time systems , 2005, J. Embed. Comput..

[3]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Determining optimal processor speeds for periodic real-time tasks with different power characteristics , 2001, Proceedings 13th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.

[4]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Dynamic and aggressive scheduling techniques for power-aware real-time systems , 2001, Proceedings 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2001) (Cat. No.01PR1420).

[5]  B. D. Guenther,et al.  Aided and automatic target recognition based upon sensory inputs from image forming systems , 1997 .

[6]  Dongkun Shin,et al.  Intra-Task Voltage Scheduling for Low-Energy, Hard Real-Time Applications , 2001, IEEE Des. Test Comput..

[7]  Daniel P. Siewiorek,et al.  A resource allocation model for QoS management , 1997, Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium.

[8]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Maximizing the system value while satisfying time and energy constraints , 2003, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[9]  Jinfeng Liu,et al.  Power-aware scheduling under timing constraints for mission-critical embedded systems , 2001, Proceedings of the 38th Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37232).

[10]  Giuseppe Lipari,et al.  Elastic task model for adaptive rate control , 1998, Proceedings 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (Cat. No.98CB36279).

[11]  A. Allavena,et al.  Scheduling of Frame-based Embedded Systems with Rechargeable Batteries , 2001 .

[12]  Stephen P. Crago,et al.  A fast resource synthesis technique for energy-efficient real-time systems , 2002, 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2002. RTSS 2002..

[13]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Synthesis techniques for low-power hard real-time systems on variable voltage processors , 1998, Proceedings 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (Cat. No.98CB36279).

[14]  F. Frances Yao,et al.  A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy , 1995, Proceedings of IEEE 36th Annual Foundations of Computer Science.

[15]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Optimal Reward-Based Scheduling for Periodic Real-Time Tasks , 2001, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[16]  Flavius Gruian.  Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors , 2001, ISLPED '01.

[17]  Jack L. Stone.  Photovoltaics: Unlimited Electrical Energy from the Sun , 1993 .

[18]  Yann-Hang Lee,et al.  Voltage-clock-scaling adaptive scheduling techniques for low power in hard real-time systems , 2000, Proceedings Sixth IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium. RTAS 2000.

[19]  Maya Gokhale,et al.  A power-aware, satellite-based parallel signal processing scheme , 2002 .

[20]  Donald F. Towsley,et al.  On-Line Scheduling Policies for a Class of IRIS (Increasing Reward with Increasing Service) Real-Time Tasks , 1996, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[21]  Wei-Kuan Shih,et al.  Algorithms for scheduling imprecise computations , 1991, Computer.

[22]  Daniel Moss,et al.  Compiler-assisted dynamic power-aware scheduling for real-time applications , 2000 .