Electrochemical quartz crystal impedance study on the overoxidation of polypyrrole-carbon nanotubes composite film for amperometric detection of dopamine.

The electrochemical quartz crystal impedance (EQCI) method was used to study the overoxidation of polypyrrole (PPy)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanocomposite film in neutral and alkaline solutions. The values of molar mass per electron transferred (M/n) obtained during the overoxidation of PPy in 0.10 mol L(-1) Na(2)SO(4) and 0.20 mol L(-1) NaOH aqueous solutions were estimated to be ca. 17 and 22 g mol(-1), respectively, suggesting the nucleophilic attack of solution OH(-) to the pyrrole units during the overoxidation, and the possible partial formation of carboxylic groups after the overoxidation in the NaOH solution. Also, the overoxidized PPy-MWCNT composite film prepared in the NaOH solution showed a notably larger affinity to dopamine (DA) dissolved in a neutral phosphate buffer than that prepared in the Na(2)SO(4) solution. The modification of the overoxidized nanocomposite film improved substantially the sensitivity for DA assay in a neutral phosphate buffer, as compared with the modification of overoxidized PPy or MWCNT alone. At a -6 kHz (201-nm thickness) nanocomposite film prepared in a polymerization bath containing 1.0 mg mL(-1) MWCNT and overoxidized in 0.20 mol L(-1) aqueous NaOH, the peak current response from differential pulse voltammetric assay of DA was linear with DA concentration from 4.0 x 10(-8) to 1.4 x 10(-6) mol L(-1), with a lower limit of detection of 1.7 nmol L(-1), good anti-interferent ability, as well as good stability and reproducibility.

[1]  D. R. Shankaran,et al.  Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine at a sol-gel composite electrode , 2003 .

[2]  Meiling Liu,et al.  Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study on growth and property of the polymer deposit at gold electrodes during oxidation of dopamine in aqueous solutions , 2006 .

[3]  Fu-Ren F. Fan,et al.  Polymer Films on Electrodes VII . Electrochemical Behavior at Polypyrrole‐Coated Platinum and Tantalum Electrodes , 1982 .

[4]  B. Scharifker,et al.  In situ FTIR study of redox and overoxidation processes in polypyrrole films , 2000 .

[5]  Xiangqin Lin,et al.  Overoxidized polypyrrole film directed DNA immobilization for construction of electrochemical micro-biosensors and simultaneous determination of serotonin and dopamine , 2005 .

[6]  C. J. Tsai,et al.  Characterization and enhancement in conductivity and conductivity stability of electropolymerized polypyrrole/Al2O3 nanocomposites , 2002 .

[7]  C. J. Tsai,et al.  Enhancements in Conductivity and Thermal and Conductive Stabilities of Electropolymerized Polypyrrole with Caprolactam-Modified Clay , 2003 .

[8]  M. Shaffer,et al.  Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composites , 1999 .

[9]  M. Rice,et al.  Ion exchange and transport of neurotransmitters in nation films on conventional and microelectrode surfaces , 1985 .

[10]  Ping Zhang,et al.  Selective response of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid at multi-walled carbon nanotube modified gold electrode. , 2005, Bioelectrochemistry.

[11]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Synthesis, characterizations, and physical properties of carbon nanotubes coated by conducting polypyrrole , 1999 .

[12]  D. Centonze,et al.  Correlation between permselectivity and chemical structure of overoxidized polypyrrole membranes used in electroproduced enzyme biosensors , 1995 .

[13]  R. Verrall,et al.  Partial molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities of glycyl peptides at 25.degree.C , 1987 .

[14]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Polymer Films on Electrodes XVI . In Situ Ellipsometric Measurements of Polybipyrazine, Polyaniline, and Polyvinylferrocene Films , 1985 .

[15]  R. Hoch,et al.  High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes , 1997 .

[16]  M. Biswas,et al.  Preparation and evaluation of composites from montmorillonite and some heterocyclic polymers : 3. A water dispersible nanocomposite from pyrrole-montmorillonite polymerization system , 1999 .

[17]  R. Superfine,et al.  Bending and buckling of carbon nanotubes under large strain , 1997, Nature.

[18]  S. Yao,et al.  Simultaneous impedance measurements of two one-face sealed resonating piezoelectric quartz crystals for in situ monitoring of electrochemical processes and solution properties , 2005 .

[19]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Selective amperometric detection of dopamine using OPPy-modified diamond microsensor system. , 2002, The Analyst.

[20]  G. Chen,et al.  Electrochemical Capacitance of a Nanoporous Composite of Carbon Nanotubes and Polypyrrole , 2002 .

[21]  R. Yu,et al.  Permselectivity of neurotransmitters at overoxidized polypyrrole-film-coated glassy carbon electrodes. , 1996, Talanta.

[22]  P. Zambonin,et al.  Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer. , 1998, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  D. Pletcher,et al.  The electrodeposition of polypyrrole films from aqueous solutions , 1984 .

[24]  B. Scharifker,et al.  Direct microcalorimetric measurement of doping and overoxidation processes in polypyrrole , 1997 .

[25]  Ming Yang,et al.  Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery. , 2004, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[26]  O. Efimov,et al.  POLYPYRROLE : A CONDUCTING POLYMER; ITS SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS , 1997 .

[27]  T. Hyeon,et al.  Fabrication of a novel polypyrrole/poly(methyl methacrylate) coaxial nanocable using mesoporous silica as a nanoreactor , 2001 .

[28]  G. Sauerbrey.  Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung , 1959 .

[29]  David J. Gates,et al.  The response of some nucleation/growth processes to triangular scans of potential , 1983 .

[30]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes , 1996, Nature.

[31]  Qiangfeng Xiao,et al.  The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor , 2003 .

[32]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[33]  R. Wightman,et al.  Overoxidized polypyrrole-coated carbon fiber microelectrodes for dopamine measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  Stephen J. Martin,et al.  Characterization of a quartz crystal microbalance with simultaneous mass and liquid loading , 1991 .

[35]  Yongfang Li,et al.  Electrochemical overoxidation of conducting polypyrrole nitrate film in aqueous solutions , 2000 .

[36]  Philippe Schottland,et al.  The mechanisms of pyrrole electropolymerization , 2000 .

[37]  S. Yao,et al.  A Comparative Study on the Viscoelasticity and Morphology of Polyaniline Films Galvanostatically Grown on Bare and 4-Aminothiophenol-Modified Gold Electrodes Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System and SEM , 2001, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[38]  S. Yao,et al.  Scanning electrochemical microscopy in combination with piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance analysis for studying the growth and electrochemistry as well as microetching of poly(o-phenylenediamine) thin films. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[39]  K. Neoh,et al.  Study of overoxidized polypyrrole using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy , 1994 .

[40]  Hongyuan Chen,et al.  Methylene blue/perfluorosulfonated ionomer modified microcylinder carbon fiber electrode and its application for the determination of hemoglobin , 1994 .

[41]  Jiang Liu,et al.  Electrochemical deposition and photovoltaic properties of Nano-Fe2O3-incorporated polypyrrole films , 1997 .

[42]  Hong Xu,et al.  Evolution of Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole during Extended Oxidation , 1992 .

[43]  Pulickel M. Ajayan,et al.  Carbon nanotube electrode for oxidation of dopamine , 1996 .

[44]  G. Sauerbrey,et al.  Use of quartz vibration for weighing thin films on a microbalance , 1959 .

[45]  Jun Liu,et al.  Carbon nanotube-modified electrodes for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid. , 2002, The Analyst.