Recent development in exfoliated two-dimensional g-C3N4 nanosheets for photocatalytic applications

In this review, the relatively systematic description of g-C3N4 nanosheets for photocatalysis is presented for the first time. We firstly briefly introduce the structure and properties of bulk g-C3N4, and then put emphasis on the comparison of various exfoliation approaches. This review also summarizes the recent development in the fabrication of novel photocatalysts based on nanosheets and their potential applications in energy conversion and environmental treatments. At the end of this article, a summary and perspective are presented for highlighting some challenges and opportunities in the future.

[1]  W. Ho,et al.  Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity and oxidation ability of porous graphene-like g-C3N4 nanosheets via thermal exfoliation , 2015 .

[2]  Xinchen Wang,et al.  Two-dimensional covalent carbon nitride nanosheets: synthesis, functionalization, and applications , 2015 .

[3]  S. Cao,et al.  An efficient top-down approach for the fabrication of large-aspect-ratio g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic activities. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[4]  Yihe Zhang,et al.  In Situ Co-Crystallization for Fabrication of g-C3N4/Bi5O7I Heterojunction for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalysis , 2015 .

[5]  Xiaobo Li,et al.  Hydrogenated Defects in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution , 2015 .

[6]  Xiaoping Dong,et al.  BiOBr/protonated graphitic C3N4 heterojunctions: Intimate interfaces by electrostatic interaction and enhanced photocatalytic activity , 2015 .

[7]  Chang Won Yoon,et al.  A highly active and durable Co-N-C electrocatalyst synthesized using exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[8]  Junjie Luo,et al.  Prominently photocatalytic performance of restacked titanate nanosheets associated with H2O2 under visible light irradiation , 2015 .

[9]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Semiconductor-based photocatalytic CO2 conversion , 2015 .

[10]  Junjie Luo,et al.  Free-standing films of titanate nanosheets as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for environmental application , 2015 .

[11]  Xiaoping Dong,et al.  The amphoteric properties of g-C3N4 nanosheets and fabrication of their relevant heterostructure photocatalysts by an electrostatic re-assembly route. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[12]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride , 2015, Advanced materials.

[13]  Hui Zhao,et al.  In situ light-assisted preparation of MoS2 on graphitic C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production from water , 2015 .

[14]  Wei‐Qing Huang,et al.  Insights into Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of g-C3N4 and Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite: The Role of Oxygen , 2015 .

[15]  Anran Liu,et al.  Dissolution and liquid crystals phase of 2D polymeric carbon nitride. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  Yichun Liu,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for photoredox catalysis , 2015 .

[17]  Ling Wu,et al.  Efficient synthesis of monolayer carbon nitride 2D nanosheet with tunable concentration and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities , 2015 .

[18]  Zhenyi Zhang,et al.  Ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets as 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts toward high photocatalytic activity , 2015 .

[19]  Shuyan Song,et al.  Preparation and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of novel g-C3N4 nanosheets loaded with Ag2CO3 nanoparticles. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[20]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Porous C3N4 nanolayers@N-graphene films as catalyst electrodes for highly efficient hydrogen evolution. , 2015, ACS nano.

[21]  F. Dong,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites: a review. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[22]  Maohong Fan,et al.  New application of Z-scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite in converting CO2 to fuel. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  Karren L. More,et al.  Cover Picture: Excellent Stability of a Lithium‐Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte upon Reversible Li+/H+ Exchange in Aqueous Solutions (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2015) , 2015 .

[24]  Jiaxing Li,et al.  In situ ion exchange synthesis of strongly coupled Ag@AgCl/g-C₃N₄ porous nanosheets as plasmonic photocatalyst for highly efficient visible-light photocatalysis. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[25]  Lihua Zhu,et al.  Dependence of electronic structure of g-C3N4 on the layer number of its nanosheets: A study by Raman spectroscopy coupled with first-principles calculations , 2014 .

[26]  Lianzhou Wang,et al.  Unique Advantages of Exfoliated 2D Nanosheets for Tailoring the Functionalities of Nanocomposites. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[27]  X. Zhang,et al.  Solvothermal synthesis and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of novel graphitic carbon nitride-Bi2MoO6 heterojunctions , 2014 .

[28]  Kun Xu,et al.  Facile one step method realizing scalable production of g-C3N4 nanosheets and study of their photocatalytic H2 evolution activity , 2014 .

[29]  Yueping Fang,et al.  Novel 3-D nanoporous graphitic-C3N4 nanosheets with heterostructured modification for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production , 2014 .

[30]  Hongtao Yu,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous ammonia using atomic single layer graphitic-C3N4. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  S. Carabineiro,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride: synthesis, properties, and applications in catalysis. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[32]  Shaobin Wang,et al.  A new metal-free carbon hybrid for enhanced photocatalysis. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[33]  Z. Zou,et al.  Polymeric g-C3N4 Coupled with NaNbO3 Nanowires toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Renewable Fuel , 2014 .

[34]  Hong Huang,et al.  Construction of heterostructured g-C₃N₄/Ag/TiO₂ microspheres with enhanced photocatalysis performance under visible-light irradiation. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[35]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Pt‐Decorated 3D Architectures Built from Graphene and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Methanol Oxidation Catalysts , 2014, Advanced materials.

[36]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-carbon nanotube three-dimensional porous composites as high-performance oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[37]  Jiaguo Yu,et al.  g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[38]  Gang Chen,et al.  Facile approach to synthesize g-PAN/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[39]  Lianzhou Wang,et al.  Titanium oxide nanosheets: graphene analogues with versatile functionalities. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[40]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-graphite-like C3N4 nanosheet nanohybrids used for electrochemiluminescent immunosensor. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  Santosh Kumar,et al.  Fe-doped and -mediated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic performance under natural sunlight , 2014 .

[42]  Say Chye Joachim Loo,et al.  Solar-to-fuels conversion over In2O3/g-C3N4 hybrid photocatalysts , 2014 .

[43]  P. Ecorchard,et al.  Ultrasound exfoliation of inorganic analogues of graphene , 2014, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[44]  Juan Li,et al.  Turn-on fluorescence sensor for intracellular imaging of glutathione using g-C₃N₄ nanosheet-MnO₂ sandwich nanocomposite. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[45]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets as efficient photosensitizers and pH-responsive drug nanocarriers for cancer imaging and therapy. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[46]  C. Ziegler,et al.  Crystalline carbon nitride nanosheets for improved visible-light hydrogen evolution. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[47]  C. Cao,et al.  Multifunctional g-C(3)N(4) nanofibers: a template-free fabrication and enhanced optical, electrochemical, and photocatalyst properties. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[48]  Shaobin Wang,et al.  Research Advances in the Synthesis of Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts and Their Applications for Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Hydrocarbon Fuels , 2014 .

[49]  Abdullah M. Asiri,et al.  Three-dimensional porous supramolecular architecture from ultrathin g-C(3)N(4) nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide: solution self-assembly construction and application as a highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[50]  Binbin Chang,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride–BiVO4 heterojunctions: simple hydrothermal synthesis and high photocatalytic performances , 2014 .

[51]  J. Xu,et al.  Chemical exfoliation of graphitic carbon nitride for efficient heterogeneous photocatalysis , 2013 .

[52]  Junhong Chen,et al.  Constructing 2D Porous Graphitic C3N4 Nanosheets/Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene/Layered MoS2 Ternary Nanojunction with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity , 2013, Advanced materials.

[53]  Jiaguo Yu,et al.  Efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and enhanced photostability of core/shell CdS/g-C3N4 nanowires. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[54]  Jimmy C. Yu,et al.  Graphene and g-C3N4 nanosheets cowrapped elemental α-sulfur as a novel metal-free heterojunction photocatalyst for bacterial inactivation under visible-light. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[55]  Xuping Sun,et al.  Au-nanoparticle-loaded graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets: green photocatalytic synthesis and application toward the degradation of organic pollutants. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[56]  Jie Fu,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride-Bi2WO6 heterojunctions with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[57]  Hui Gu,et al.  Photochemical synthesis of noble metal (Ag, Pd, Au, Pt) on graphene/ZnO multihybrid nanoarchitectures as electrocatalysis for H2O2 reduction. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[58]  Enyi Ye,et al.  Chemical routes to top-down nanofabrication. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[59]  J. Coleman,et al.  Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials , 2013, Science.

[60]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: remarkably enhanced activity by dye sensitization , 2013 .

[61]  Qian Liu,et al.  Ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet: a highly efficient fluorosensor for rapid, ultrasensitive detection of Cu(2+). , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[62]  K. Koike,et al.  Activation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by alkaline hydrothermal treatment for photocatalytic NO oxidation in gas phase , 2013 .

[63]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Exfoliated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Under Visible Light , 2013, Advanced materials.

[64]  Yongfa Zhu,et al.  Photocatalytic Activity Enhanced via g-C3N4 Nanoplates to Nanorods , 2013 .

[65]  T. Peng,et al.  Effect of graphitic carbon nitride microstructures on the activity and selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible light , 2013 .

[66]  Z. Zou,et al.  Band Structure Engineering of Carbon Nitride: In Search of a Polymer Photocatalyst with High Photooxidation Property , 2013 .

[67]  Hua Zhang,et al.  The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[68]  Frank E. Osterloh,et al.  Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[69]  Say Chye Joachim Loo,et al.  In-situ growth of CdS quantum dots on g-C3N4 nanosheets for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation under visible light irradiation , 2013 .

[70]  Binbin Chang,et al.  Novel C3N4–CdS composite photocatalysts with organic–inorganic heterojunctions: in situ synthesis, exceptional activity, high stability and photocatalytic mechanism , 2013 .

[71]  J. Coleman.  Liquid exfoliation of defect-free graphene. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[72]  Bicai Pan,et al.  Enhanced photoresponsive ultrathin graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets for bioimaging. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[73]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Preparation of graphite-like carbon nitride nanoflake film with strong fluorescent and electrochemiluminescent activity. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[74]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  Graphene‐Like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic Activities , 2012 .

[75]  Binbin Chang,et al.  BiOBr–carbon nitride heterojunctions: synthesis, enhanced activity and photocatalytic mechanism , 2012 .

[76]  K. Müllen,et al.  Efficient Synthesis of Heteroatom (N or S)‐Doped Graphene Based on Ultrathin Graphene Oxide‐Porous Silica Sheets for Oxygen Reduction Reactions , 2012 .

[77]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Solvent-Free and Metal-Free Oxidation of Toluene Using O-2 and g-C3N4 with Nanopores: Nanostructure Boosts the Catalytic Selectivit , 2012 .

[78]  Yuewei Zhang,et al.  Porous graphitic carbon nitride synthesized via direct polymerization of urea for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[79]  Rong Xu,et al.  Mesoporous carbon nitride with in situ sulfur doping for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under visible light , 2012 .

[80]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis , 2012 .

[81]  Lei Ge,et al.  Synthesis and Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Polymeric g-C3N4 Coupled with CdS Quantum Dots , 2012 .

[82]  Changcun Han,et al.  In situ synthesis and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities of novel PANI–g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts , 2012 .

[83]  Yao Zheng,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride materials: controllable synthesis and applications in fuel cells and photocatalysis , 2012 .

[84]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Synergetic effect of MoS2 and graphene as cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production activity of TiO2 nanoparticles. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[85]  Hongjian Yan.  Soft-templating synthesis of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[86]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Graphene oxide modified g-C3N4 hybrid with enhanced photocatalytic capability under visible light irradiation , 2012 .

[87]  Shuxin Ouyang,et al.  Nano‐photocatalytic Materials: Possibilities and Challenges , 2012, Advanced materials.

[88]  Yong Wang,et al.  Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride as a heterogeneous organocatalyst: from photochemistry to multipurpose catalysis to sustainable chemistry. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[89]  Zhongbiao Wu,et al.  Efficient synthesis of polymeric g-C3N4 layered materials as novel efficient visible light driven photocatalysts , 2011 .

[90]  Wei Chen,et al.  Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic activity , 2011 .

[91]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Synthesis of bulk and nanoporous carbon nitride polymers from ammonium thiocyanate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution , 2011 .

[92]  Li Wang,et al.  Water-mediated promotion of dye sensitization of TiO2 under visible light. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[93]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Metal-free activation of dioxygen by graphene/g-C3N4 nanocomposites: functional dyads for selective oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[94]  Ping Liu,et al.  Sulfur-mediated synthesis of carbon nitride: Band-gap engineering and improved functions for photocatalysis , 2011 .

[95]  J. Coleman,et al.  Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials , 2011, Science.

[96]  Renzhi Ma,et al.  Nanosheets of Oxides and Hydroxides: Ultimate 2D Charge‐Bearing Functional Crystallites , 2010, Advanced materials.

[97]  Xiaobo Chen,et al.  Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[98]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  mpg-C(3)N(4)-Catalyzed selective oxidation of alcohols using O(2) and visible light. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[99]  Hui-Ming Cheng,et al.  Unique electronic structure induced high photoreactivity of sulfur-doped graphitic C3N4. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[100]  Hui Yang,et al.  An orthophosphate semiconductor with photooxidation properties under visible-light irradiation. , 2010, Nature materials.

[101]  Z. Zou,et al.  Photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange over boron-doped g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[102]  Z. Zou,et al.  Organic-inorganic composite photocatalyst of g-C(3)N(4) and TaON with improved visible light photocatalytic activities. , 2010, Dalton transactions.

[103]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Biomimetic Principles in Polymer and Material Science , 2010 .

[104]  Kazuhiro Takanabe,et al.  Synthesis of a carbon nitride structure for visible-light catalysis by copolymerization. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[105]  R. Ruoff,et al.  The chemistry of graphene oxide. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[106]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Fe-g-C3N4-catalyzed oxidation of benzene to phenol using hydrogen peroxide and visible light. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[107]  Z. Zou,et al.  Photodegradation performance of g-C3N4 fabricated by directly heating melamine. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[108]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Metal‐Containing Carbon Nitride Compounds: A New Functional Organic–Metal Hybrid Material , 2009 .

[109]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Activation of carbon nitride solids by protonation: morphology changes, enhanced ionic conductivity, and photoconduction experiments. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[110]  A. Kudo,et al.  Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[111]  M. Antonietti,et al.  A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. , 2009, Nature materials.

[112]  R. Schlögl,et al.  Graphitic carbon nitride materials: variation of structure and morphology and their use as metal-free catalysts , 2008 .

[113]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Ionothermal synthesis of crystalline, condensed, graphitic carbon nitride. , 2008, Chemistry.

[114]  E. Yoo,et al.  Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. , 2008, Nano letters.

[115]  Bei Wang,et al.  FACILE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS , 2008 .

[116]  J. Cheon,et al.  Two-dimensional nanosheet crystals. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[117]  J. Sehnert,et al.  Ab initio calculation of solid-state NMR spectra for different triazine and heptazine based structure proposals of g-C3N4. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[118]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as a versatile, metal-free catalyst for the cyclisation of functional nitriles and alkynes , 2007 .

[119]  W. Schnick,et al.  Unmasking melon by a complementary approach employing electron diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations-structural characterization of a carbon nitride polymer. , 2007, Chemistry.

[120]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide , 2007 .

[121]  C. Cao,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of graphite-like carbon nitride nanobelts and nanotubes , 2007 .

[122]  C. Zheng,et al.  Study of the electronic structure and photocatalytic activity of the BiOCl photocatalyst , 2006 .

[123]  R. Ma,et al.  Exfoliating layered double hydroxides in formamide: a method to obtain positively charged nanosheets , 2006 .

[124]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Chemical synthesis of mesoporous carbon nitrides using hard templates and their use as a metal-free catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[125]  M. Osada,et al.  Synthesis, anion exchange, and delamination of Co-Al layered double hydroxide: assembly of the exfoliated nanosheet/polyanion composite films and magneto-optical studies. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[126]  W. Schnick,et al.  From Triazines to Heptazines , 2006 .

[127]  Nobuo Iyi,et al.  Positively Charged Nanosheets Derived via Total Delamination of Layered Double Hydroxides , 2005 .

[128]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Synthesis of g‐C3N4 Nanoparticles in Mesoporous Silica Host Matrices , 2005 .

[129]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[130]  K. Domen,et al.  Exfoliated nanosheets as a new strong solid acid catalyst. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[131]  Mamoru Watanabe,et al.  Redoxable nanosheet crystallites of MnO2 derived via delamination of a layered manganese oxide. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[132]  W. Ingler,et al.  Efficient Photochemical Water Splitting by a Chemically Modified n-TiO2 , 2002, Science.

[133]  P. Kroll,et al.  Tri-s-triazine derivatives. Part I. From trichloro-tri-s-triazine to graphitic C3N4 structuresPart II: Alkalicyamelurates M3[C6N7O3], M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, manuscript in preparation. , 2002 .

[134]  M. Mazúr,et al.  Investigations of metal-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts , 2002 .

[135]  R. Asahi,et al.  Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides , 2001, Science.

[136]  T. Komatsu,et al.  Polycondensation/pyrolysis of tris-s-triazine derivatives leading to graphite-like carbon nitrides , 2001 .

[137]  J. Choy,et al.  Exfoliation of layered perovskite, KCa2Nb3O10,into colloidal nanosheets by a novel chemical process , 2001 .

[138]  E. G. Gillan.  Synthesis of Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nitride Networks from an Energetic Molecular Azide Precursor , 2000 .

[139]  T. Sasaki,et al.  Osmotic Swelling to Exfoliation. Exceptionally High Degrees of Hydration of a Layered Titanate , 1998 .

[140]  R. Frindt,et al.  Li-intercalation and exfoliation of WS2 , 1996 .

[141]  S. Morrison,et al.  Single-layer MoS2 , 1986 .

[142]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode , 1972, Nature.

[143]  G. Walker.  Macroscopic Swelling of Vermiculite Crystals in Water , 1960, Nature.