Enhanced differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons and promotion of neurite outgrowth by oxygen–glucose deprivation

Stroke has become the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hypoxic or ischemic insults are crucial factors mediating the neural damage in the brain tissue of stroke patients. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been recognized as a promising tool for the treatment of ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases due to their inducible pluripotency. In this study, we aim to mimick the cerebral hypoxic‐ischemic injury in vitro using oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) strategy, and evaluate the effects of OGD on the NSC's neural differentiation, as well as the differentiated neurite outgrowth. Our data showed that NSCs under the short‐term 2 h OGD treatment are able to maintain cell viability and the capability to form neurospheres. Importantly, this moderate OGD treatment promotes NSC differentiation to neurons and enhances the performance of the mature neuronal networks, accompanying increased neurite outgrowth of differentiated neurons. However, long‐term 6 h and 8 h OGD exposures in NSCs lead to decreased cell survival, reduced differentiation and diminished NSC‐derived neurite outgrowth. The expressions of neuron‐specific microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP‐2) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP‐43) are increased by short‐term OGD treatments but suppressed by long‐term OGD. Overall, our results demonstrate that short‐term OGD exposure in vitro induces differentiation of NSCs while maintaining their proliferation and survival, providing valuable insights of adopting NSC‐based therapy for ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders.

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