Role of Isopropyl Alcohol Solvent in the Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Halide CH(NH2)2PbIxBr3–x Perovskite Thin Films by a Two-Step Method

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was used to investigate the role of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) solvent in the synthesis of organic-lead-halide perovskite CH(NH2)2PbIxBr3–x [FAPbIxBr3–x] thin films by the two-step reaction of an amorphous (a-)PbIxBr2–x layer and FAIxBr1–x solution diluted in IPA. An optical dispersion model was developed to extract the complex refractive index N (=n+ik), optical transition, and film thickness of FAPbIxBr3–x perovskites by SE analysis as a function of immersion time in a solution of FAIxBr1–x diluted in IPA. SE combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning microscopy (SEM) revealed that IPA promoted film crystallization of a-PbIxBr2–x accompanied by the formation of surface roughness, grain boundaries, and voids, followed by enhanced diffusion of FAIxBr1–x into the grain boundaries/voids in the mesoporous crystallized PbIxBr2–x network. These processes contribute synergistically to the growth of the perovskite structure.

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