The relevance of the circadian timing system role in patients with HIV/AIDS: a quick glance

Circadian rhythm disturbances are linked to various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. The circadian clock is the primary support for physiological conditions and homeostasis. The host ’ s innate and adaptive immune systems are also controlled by the circadian clock. It is crucial to understand how viruses employ molecular clocks to spread their infection and how circadian rhythms impact viral infections. An emerging area of viral biology study is chronobiology, which aims to identify novel antiviral targets based on immune and circadian pathways [1] . Physiological functions like sleep and wake cycles, hormone secretion, cell regeneration, changes in body temperature, and metabolism are coordinated by the circadian rhythm, a 24-hour routine cycle with outside environmental stimuli. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior section of the hypothalamus includes the circadian clock, which is the primary regulator of rhythmic processes. Additionally, it regulates other organs through speci fi c peripheral clock mechanisms [2,3] . The transcription/translation signals in the regulation of the mammalian clock are controlled by the helix-loop-helix transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK, as well as the repressors of the period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY). The heterodimer formed by CLOCK and BMAL1 binds E-box motifs in the target genes ’ promoter region [4] . CLOCK and BMAL1 activity is downregulated by CRY1-3, PER 1-3, and REV-ERB [5] . These 24-hour loops of positive and negative feedback regulate the circadian rhythm ’ s pathways. A central part of the circadian clock is the CLOCK [6,7] . Prior studies [8 – 10] revealed that mice with BMAL1 de fi ciencies displayed physiological abnormalities such as