APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY-A REVIEW

Abstract Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) process enhancement for food and allied industries are reported in this review. This includes herbal, oil, protein and bioactives from plant and animal materials (e.g. polyphenolics, anthocyanins, aromatic compounds, polysaccharides and functional compounds) with increased yield of extracted components, increased rate of extraction, achieving reduction in extraction time and higher processing throughput. Ultrasound can enhance existing extraction processes and enable new commercial extraction opportunities and processes. New UAE processing approaches have been proposed, including, (a) the potential for modification of plant cell material to provide improved bioavailability of micro-nutrients while retaining the natural-like quality, (b) simultaneous extraction and encapsulation, (c) quenching of the radical sonochemistry especially in aqueous systems to avoid degradation of bioactives and (d) potential use of the radical sonochemistry to achieve targeted hydroxylation of polyphenolics and carotenoids to increase bioactivity. Industrial relevance The application of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) in food processing technology is of interest for enhancing extraction of components from plant and animal materials. This review shows that UAE technology can potentially enhance extraction of components such as polyphenolics, anthocyanins, aromatic compounds, polysaccharides, oils and functional compounds when used as a pre-treatment step in a unit process. The higher yield obtained in these UAE processes are of major interest from an industrial point of view, since the technology is an “add on” step to the existing process with minimum alteration, application in aqueous extraction where organic solvents can be replaced with generally recognised as safe (GRAS) solvents, reduction in solvent usage, and shortening the extraction time. The use of ultrasonic for extraction purposes in high-cost raw materials is an economical alternative to traditional extraction processes, which is an industry demand for a sustainable development.

[1]  A. Ebringerová,et al.  Ultrasonic extraction of plant materials--investigation of hemicellulose release from buckwheat hulls. , 2003, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[2]  A. Resurreccion,et al.  Elicitation of resveratrol in peanut kernels by application of abiotic stresses. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[3]  Aparna Sharma,et al.  Ultrasonic pre-irradiation effect upon aqueous enzymatic oil extraction from almond and apricot seeds. , 2006, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[4]  M. Palma,et al.  Extraction of polyphenolic compounds from grape seeds with near critical carbon dioxide. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[5]  L. O. Pordesimo,et al.  High intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from soybeans , 2004 .

[6]  Elizabeth J Johnson.  A Biological Role of Lutein , 2004 .

[7]  M. Vinatoru,et al.  Investigation of the effects of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction. , 2001, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[8]  Giancarlo Cravotto,et al.  Improving solvent‐free extraction of policosanol from rice bran by high‐intensity ultrasound treatment , 2004 .

[9]  Kari Hartonen,et al.  Extraction of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) by pressurized hot water and conventional methods: antioxidant activity of the extracts , 2002 .

[10]  A. Lichtenstein,et al.  Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. , 1999, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[11]  T. Qiu,et al.  Ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction of oil and coixenolide from adlay seed. , 2007, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[12]  C. Cocito,et al.  Rapid extraction of aroma compounds in must and wine by means of ultrasound , 1995 .

[13]  A. Pikovsky,et al.  Temporal chaos versus spatial mixing in reaction-advection-diffusion systems. , 2004, Physical Review Letters.

[14]  R. Bruni,et al.  Rapid techniques for the extraction of vitamin E isomers from Amaranthus caudatus seeds: ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction. , 2002, Phytochemical analysis : PCA.

[15]  T. Mason,et al.  The extraction of rutin from flower buds of Sophora japonica. , 2001, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[16]  M. Ashokkumar,et al.  Ultrasonic enhancement of the supercritical extraction from ginger. , 2006, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[17]  P. V. Bartels,et al.  Comparison of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction of carvone and limonene from caraway seeds , 2004 .

[18]  Vijay H. Arakeri,et al.  Cavitation inception , 1979 .

[19]  Henry Y. Wang,et al.  Feasibility Study of Repeated Harvesting of Menthol from Biologically Viable Menthaxpiperata Using Ultrasonic Extraction , 2001, Biotechnology progress.

[20]  S. Maeda,et al.  Rapid and selective extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis with ultrasonic cell disruption , 2003, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[21]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  Destruction of phenol using sonochemical reactors: scale up aspects and comparison of novel configuration with conventional reactors , 2004 .

[22]  J. Weiss,et al.  Sonication-assisted extraction of chitin from shells of fresh water prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  Dietrich Knorr,et al.  Impact of non-thermal processing on plant metabolites , 2003 .

[24]  S. Buratti,et al.  A New HPLC Method for the Determination of Polyphenols in Wines Based on the Use of Less Aggressive Eluents and a Coupled Revelation System , 1998 .

[25]  Aparna Sharma,et al.  Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by combination of ultrasonication and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[26]  M. Amici,et al.  Ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of the carbohydrate fraction in marine sediments , 2000 .

[27]  Timothy J. Mason,et al.  The uses of ultrasound in food technology , 1996 .

[28]  Meijun Cai,et al.  Improvement of leaching process of Geniposide with ultrasound. , 2006, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[29]  Riccardo Flamini,et al.  Mass Spectrometry in Grape and Wine Chemistry , 2010 .

[30]  Christophe Gourdon,et al.  Investigation in solid-liquid extraction: influence of ultrasound , 2002 .

[31]  A. Waterhouse,et al.  Principal Phenolic Phytochemicals in Selected California Wines and Their Antioxidant Activity in Inhibiting Oxidation of Human Low-Density Lipoproteins , 1995 .

[32]  W. Prinyawiwatkul,et al.  Improving Extraction of Lutein from Egg Yolk Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Method , 2006 .

[33]  Xiao-Feng Sun,et al.  Fractional and physico-chemical characterization of hemicelluloses from ultrasonic irradiated sugarcane bagasse. , 2004, Carbohydrate research.

[34]  A. Waterhouse,et al.  Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol , 1993, The Lancet.

[35]  C. F. Timberlake,et al.  Anthocyanins as natural food colours—selected aspects , 1997 .

[36]  Yusuf Chisti,et al.  Sonobioreactors: using ultrasound for enhanced microbial productivity. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[37]  M. Barzegar,et al.  Supercritical fluid extraction of tea seed oil and its comparison with solvent extraction , 2005 .

[38]  M. Medina,et al.  Extraction of phenolic compounds from red grape marc for use as food lipid antioxidants , 1999 .

[39]  T J Mason,et al.  Enhancement of ultrasonic cavitation yield by multi-frequency sonication. , 2002, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[40]  Hao Feng,et al.  Inactivation of Escherichia coli with power ultrasound in apple cider , 2006 .

[41]  Cláudio Dariva,et al.  The use of ultrasound in the extraction of Ilex paraguariensis leaves: a comparison with maceration. , 2007, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[42]  L. Ye.  [The extraction]. , 1974, Ars curandi em odontologia.

[43]  Xiaochun Wan,et al.  Impact of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the chemical and sensory quality of tea infusion , 2006 .

[44]  G. Mazza,et al.  Optimization of Extraction of Anthocyanins from Black Currants with Aqueous Ethanol , 2003 .

[45]  T J Mason,et al.  Potential for the use of ultrasound in the extraction of antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis for the food and pharmaceutical industry. , 2004, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[46]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  Modelling and experimental investigation into cavity dynamics and cavitational yield: influence of dual frequency ultrasound sources , 2002 .

[47]  D. Hernanz Vila,et al.  Optimization of an extraction method of aroma compounds in white wine using ultrasound. , 1999, Talanta.

[48]  K. J. Moulton,et al.  A Pilot-Plant Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Extraction of Soybean Protein , 1982 .

[49]  W. Du,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of xyloglucan from apple pomace. , 2006, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[50]  J A Gallego,et al.  Mass transfer enhancement in supercritical fluids extraction by means of power ultrasound. , 2004, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[51]  J. F. Colom,et al.  The effect of xylanase on lignocellulosic components during the bleaching of wood pulps. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[52]  K. Turksen,et al.  Isolation and characterization , 2006 .

[53]  F. Chau,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells. , 2001, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[54]  M Vinatoru,et al.  An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. , 2001, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[55]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Molecular weight and anti-tumor activity of the water-soluble polysaccharides isolated by hot water and ultrasonic treatment from the sclerotia and mycelia of Pleurotus tuber-regium , 2004 .

[56]  Moholkar,et al.  Modeling of the acoustic pressure fields and the distribution of the cavitation phenomena in a dual frequency sonic processor , 2000, Ultrasonics.

[57]  M. Entezari,et al.  The direct effect of ultrasound on the extraction of date syrup and its micro-organisms. , 2003, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[58]  R. Flamini.  Mass spectrometry in grape and wine chemistry. Part I: polyphenols. , 2003, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[59]  L. Tommasi,et al.  Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from red grape marc extracts. , 2003, Bioresource technology.

[60]  Norman R. Farnsworth,et al.  Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Resveratrol, a Natural Product Derived from Grapes , 1997, Science.

[61]  K. L. Narayana,et al.  Intensification of leaching process by dual-frequency ultrasound. , 2001, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[62]  M. Arora,et al.  Cavitation inception on microparticles: a self-propelled particle accelerator. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[63]  P. Pavasant,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. , 2006, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[64]  R. Sun,et al.  Isolation and characterization of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse , 2004 .

[65]  M. Palma,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction of soy isoflavones. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[66]  L. Bjørnø.  ULTRASOUND IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY , 1991 .

[67]  Miguel Palma,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted extraction and determination of tartaric and malic acids from grapes and winemaking by-products , 2002 .

[68]  Hao Feng,et al.  Sonication Enhanced Cornstarch Separation , 2005 .

[69]  D. Gallant,et al.  The effects of ultrasound on starch grains , 1974 .

[70]  Keith D. Bartle,et al.  Supercritical fluid extraction , 2007 .