‘I Heard Lots of Different Languages’: Layered Worlds of Separate and Flexible Bilingualism in Cardiff

This chapter examines multilingual language in contemporary Cardiff using a linguistic ethnographic approach. The chapter systematically considers the way that those who visit the city might orient to the rich and varied linguistic environment they find there in different ways. In order to do this, it draws on the notions of separate and flexible bilingualism (Creese and Blackledge 2010) which have been applied, previously, to educational contexts and, predominantly to speech. By extending the reach of these concepts to communication beyond the school and to multimodal communicative environments, the chapter explores (i) how institutional norms about language choice can be oriented to by speakers who might step outside those norms and (ii) how institutional norms coexist with other expectations and language practices.

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