Enabling a flexible exchange of energy of a photovoltaic plant with the grid by means of a controlled storage system

In this paper, we describe a control strategy for a photovoltaic (PV) power plant equipped with an energy storage system (ESS), based on lithium-ion battery. The plant consists of the following units: the PV generator, the energy storage system, the DC-bus and the inverter. The control, organised in a hierarchical manner, maximises the self-consumption of the local load unit. In particular, the ESS action performs power balance in case of low solar radiation or surplus of PV generation, thus managing the power exchange variability at the plant with the grid. The implemented control strategy is under testing in RSE pilot test facility in Milan, Italy.

[1]  R. D. Middlebrook,et al.  A continuous model for the tapped-inductor boost converter , 1975, 1975 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[2]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 3. State and parameter estimation , 2004 .

[3]  R. Dougal,et al.  Dynamic Multi-Physics Model for Solar Array , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[4]  Chee Wei Tan,et al.  Analysis of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic applications , 2008, 2008 IEEE 2nd International Power and Energy Conference.

[5]  Massimo Vitelli,et al.  A Technique for Improving P&O MPPT Performances of Double-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[6]  Ian Postlethwaite,et al.  Multivariable Feedback Control: Analysis and Design , 1996 .

[7]  R. Dougal,et al.  Dynamic Multi-Physics Model for Solar Array , 2002 .

[8]  Panos J. Antsaklis,et al.  Linear Systems , 1997 .

[9]  M. Vitelli,et al.  Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[10]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs Part 1. Background , 2004 .

[11]  Hyosung Kim,et al.  Filter design for grid connected PV inverters , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies.

[12]  Antonio T. Alexandridis,et al.  Power controller design and stability analysis of a photovoltaic system with a dc/dc boost converter , 2013, 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[13]  Sergio M. Savaresi,et al.  On the parametrization and design of an extended Kalman filter frequency tracker , 2000, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[14]  Jinjun Liu,et al.  A novel frequency-adaptive PLL for single-phase grid-connected converters , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[15]  C. Y. Yen,et al.  Residential photovoltaic energy storage system , 1998, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[16]  Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja,et al.  A Fast Current-Based MPPT Technique Employing Sliding Mode Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[17]  Tore Undeland,et al.  Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design , 1989 .

[18]  Vladimir Strezov,et al.  Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration , 2012 .

[19]  William A. Beckman,et al.  Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance , 2006 .

[20]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[21]  Christopher D. Rahn,et al.  Model-Based Electrochemical Estimation and Constraint Management for Pulse Operation of Lithium Ion Batteries , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[22]  Kameshwar Poolla,et al.  Systems and Control Opportunities in the Integration of Renewable Energy into the Smart Grid , 2011 .

[23]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for grid-connected voltage-source converters , 2006 .

[24]  Michel Verhaegen,et al.  Electrochemical Model-Based State of Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Cells , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[25]  Juan Gonzalez,et al.  Battery Energy Storage for Enabling Integration of Distributed Solar Power Generation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[26]  Moncef Jraidi,et al.  New control strategy for 2-stage grid-connected photovoltaic power system , 2008 .

[27]  Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja,et al.  Modeling of Step-up Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems for Control Purposes , 2012 .

[28]  Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja,et al.  Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm with a current controller based on the sliding mode , 2013 .

[29]  Gregory L. Plett,et al.  Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification , 2004 .

[30]  Slobodan Cuk,et al.  A general unified approach to modelling switching-converter power stages , 1976, 1970 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[31]  Sergio M. Savaresi,et al.  Closed-form unbiased frequency estimation of a noisy sinusoid using notch filters , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[32]  Hanju Cha,et al.  Comparative analysis of low-pass output filter for single-phase grid-connected Photovoltaic inverter , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).