Progress of Extraction Solvent Dispersion Strategies for Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction

Abstract Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a new sample preparation technique emerging recently. The dispersion of organic extraction solvent at micro-liter level in aqueous samples is the key step in DLLME. The published strategies of dispersion for DLLME are roughly classified into three types in terms of the instruments used and dispersion principles, namely physical dispersion method, in-situ chemical reaction-based dispersion method and new dispersion medium-based dispersion method. The physical dispersion method includes mechanical shaking method, ultrasound/microwave-assisted method and solubility-adjustment method. The in-situ chemical reaction method is referred to the two modes, in which either the dispersed extraction solvent is formed by in-situ chemical reaction or the dispersion of extraction solvent is achieved by the gas generated from chemical reactions. The new dispersion medium-based dispersion method uses some non-volatile substances, such as medium-chain saturated fatty acids, ionic liquid, surfactant and kapok fiber fragments, to substitute the dispersive solvent used in conventional DLLME. A total of 96 relevant literatures are cited in this review and the prospects of DLLME are highlighted.

[1]  Hanqi Zhang,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid/ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of sulfonamides in infant formula milk powder using high-performance liquid chromatography. , 2012, Talanta.

[2]  Xiaohuan Zang,et al.  Developments of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Technique , 2009 .

[3]  Zhiqiang Zhou,et al.  Dispersive suspended microextraction. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[4]  Shibin Hu,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of phenols by acetonitrile stacking coupled with sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography with large-volume injection. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[5]  Jiping Chen,et al.  Salt-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with programmed temperature vaporization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of haloacetonitriles in drinking water. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[6]  Marcin Wieczorek,et al.  An automatic, vigorous-injection assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique for stopped-flow spectrophotometric detection of boron. , 2015, Talanta.

[7]  Sudipta Seal,et al.  Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[8]  P. Fernández,et al.  A rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of seven benzodiazepines in human plasma samples. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[9]  Rafael Cela,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction of emergent contaminants and pesticides in environmental waters. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[10]  Reza Heidari,et al.  Determination of volatile components of saffron by optimised ultrasound-assisted extraction in tandem with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[11]  J. Jen,et al.  Determination of organophosphorous pesticides in water using in-syringe ultrasound-assisted emulsification and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[12]  S. Pedersen‐Bjergaard,et al.  Liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction for sample preparation of biological fluids prior to capillary electrophoresis. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  Jing Cheng,et al.  Development of a novel ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction method and its application to the analysis of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at trace levels in water. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[14]  Petr Solich,et al.  Automated on-line dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a sequential injection system , 2012 .

[15]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Optimization of two different dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction methods followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis in water. , 2014, Talanta.

[16]  F. Cantwell,et al.  Mass Transfer Characteristics of Solvent Extraction into a Single Drop at the Tip of a Syringe Needle , 1997 .

[17]  D. Cistola,et al.  Ionization and phase behavior of fatty acids in water: application of the Gibbs phase rule. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[18]  Naeemullah,et al.  Magnetic stirrer induced dispersive ionic-liquid microextraction for the determination of vanadium in water and food samples prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[19]  V. Ponnusamy,et al.  A novel fatty-acid-based in-tube dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique for the rapid determination of nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in aqueous samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. , 2015, Analytica chimica acta.

[20]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Effervescence-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[21]  Ke-Jing Huang,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of biogenic amines in rice wine samples. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[22]  Paula Berton,et al.  Development of an on-line temperature-assisted ionic liquid dispersive microextraction system for sensitive determination of vanadium in environmental and biological samples. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[23]  M. Farajzadeh,et al.  Air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method as a novel microextraction technique; application in extraction and preconcentration of phthalate esters in aqueous sample followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[24]  Jana Šandrejová,et al.  Application of ultrasonic irradiation and vortex agitation in solvent microextraction , 2013 .

[25]  Triantafyllos A Albanis,et al.  Chemometric optimization of dispersive suspended microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural waters. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[26]  M. Briceño,et al.  Partitioning of Fatty Acids in Oil/Water Systems Analyzed by HPLC , 2008 .

[27]  K. Laali,et al.  Condensation of propargylic alcohols with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and 4-hydroxycoumarins in ionic liquids (ILs) , 2011 .

[28]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Determination of nitrophenols using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography and a new manual shaking-enhanced, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic droplet. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[29]  M. Galera,et al.  Determination of eight fluoroquinolones in groundwater samples with ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[30]  Hian Kee Lee,et al.  Automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  Jonathan P. Metters,et al.  Screen-printed electrode-based electrochemical detector coupled with in-situ ionic-liquid-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[32]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Low toxic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using halosolvents for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[33]  Qingyun Chang,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[34]  J Namiesnik.  Pro-Ecological education , 1999, Environmental science and pollution research international.

[35]  K. Jeong,et al.  A new analytical method to determine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in surface water using in situ derivatization combined with ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2014, Talanta.

[36]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with little solvent consumption combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the pretreatment of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[37]  Mohammad Saraji,et al.  Recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[38]  Hanqi Zhang,et al.  Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and derivatization of sulfonamides in river water, honey, milk, and animal plasma. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[39]  Víctor Cerdà,et al.  Automated in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction , 2014 .

[40]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Simultaneous derivatization and extraction of chlorophenols in water samples with up-and-down shaker-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[41]  H. Abdelhamid,et al.  Ceria nanocubic-ultrasonication assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for pathogenic bacteria analysis. , 2014, Talanta.

[42]  Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction , 2011 .

[43]  J. Pawliszyn,et al.  Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers , 1990 .

[44]  Agustín Costa-García,et al.  Screen-printed electrode based electrochemical detector coupled with ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and microvolume back-extraction for determination of mercury in water samples. , 2015, Talanta.

[45]  Antonio Canals,et al.  Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in wastewater samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2014, Talanta.

[46]  M. Baghdadi,et al.  In situ solvent formation microextraction based on ionic liquids: a novel sample preparation technique for determination of inorganic species in saline solutions. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[47]  Ming-Ren Fuh,et al.  Beyond dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[48]  Luis D. Martinez,et al.  Optimization of ultrasound assisted-emulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction by experimental design methodologies for the determination of sulfur compounds in wines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[49]  Paul T Anastas,et al.  Origins, current status, and future challenges of green chemistry. , 2002, Accounts of chemical research.

[50]  Yan-ping Shi,et al.  Multiple functional ionic liquids based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance chromatography for the determination of phenolic compounds in water samples. , 2014, Talanta.

[51]  M. Rezaee,et al.  Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[52]  L. Vidal,et al.  Determination of nitroaromatic explosives in water samples by direct ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2011, Talanta.

[53]  Francisco J. Lara,et al.  Vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in wine samples by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[54]  Baldev Singh,et al.  A review on development of solid phase microextraction fibers by sol-gel methods and their applications. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[55]  S. Sulaiman,et al.  Assessment of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction conditions for gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification of organic compounds in honey. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[56]  Maw-rong Lee,et al.  A novel method of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of trace organoarsenic compounds in edible oil. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[57]  Shengqing Li,et al.  Low-density extraction solvent-based solvent terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[58]  B. Xiang,et al.  Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography to the determination of propoxur in environmental and beverage samples , 2009 .

[59]  Supalax Srijaranai,et al.  Vortex-assisted low density solvent liquid-liquid microextraction and salt-induced demulsification coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of five organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits. , 2015, Talanta.

[60]  S. Cunha,et al.  A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the determination of eighteen biogenic amines in beer , 2012 .

[61]  M. Á. González-Curbelo,et al.  Liquid phase microextraction applications in food analysis. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[62]  Javier Hernández-Borges,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organic analytes , 2010 .

[63]  W. Ding,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction plus simultaneous silylation for rapid determination of salicylate and benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[64]  A. Niazi,et al.  Microwave-assisted of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of uranium after optimization based on Box-Behnken design and chemometrics methods. , 2015, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[65]  Xuedong Wang,et al.  Temperature-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of PCBs and PBDEs in water and urine samples , 2012, Microchimica Acta.

[66]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Water with low concentration of surfactant in dispersed solvent-assisted emulsion dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[67]  Zhiqiang Zhou,et al.  Comparison of the performance of conventional, temperature-controlled, and ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography in analyzing pyrethroid pesticides in honey samples. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[68]  M. Farajzadeh,et al.  Development of a new microextraction method based on elevated temperature dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of triazole pesticides residues in honey by gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[69]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Effervescence assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with extractant removal by magnetic nanoparticles. , 2014, Analytica chimica acta.

[70]  A. Asghari,et al.  Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted surfactant-emulsified microextraction for simultaneous determination of three important flavoring compounds in plant extracts and urine samples , 2014 .

[71]  G. Franks,et al.  The role of particles in stabilising foams and emulsions. , 2008, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[72]  Shukuro Igarashi,et al.  Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction by pH dependent phase separation with a fluorocarbon ionic surfactant and its application to the preconcentration of porphyrin compounds , 1992 .

[73]  Mohammad Rezaee,et al.  Evolution of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[74]  Zhe Liang,et al.  In-situ metathesis reaction combined with ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of phenylurea pesticides in water samples. , 2012, Talanta.

[75]  Jana Šandrejová,et al.  Recent advances in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using organic solvents lighter than water. A review , 2012 .

[76]  Aiqin Gong,et al.  Dispersive solvent-free ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC for determination of ulipristal acetate. , 2015, Talanta.

[77]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Effervescence-assisted carbon nanotubes dispersion for the micro-solid-phase extraction of triazine herbicides from environmental waters , 2013, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[78]  Y. Yamini,et al.  Application of surfactant assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for sample preparation of chlorophenols in water samples. , 2010, Talanta.

[79]  Shang-da Huang,et al.  Water with low concentration of surfactant in dispersed solvent-assisted emulsion dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of fungicides in wine. , 2014, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[80]  Zhiqiang Zhou,et al.  Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[81]  Víctor Cerdà,et al.  In-syringe magnetic-stirring-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the spectrophotometric determination of Cr(VI) in waters , 2013, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[82]  M. Pourjavid,et al.  Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples using flotation-assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[83]  S. Cunha,et al.  Fast analysis of multiple pesticide residues in apple juice using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[84]  M. Galera,et al.  Comparison of two ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction approaches for the determination of benzoylurea insecticides in wastewater using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry: evaluation of green parameters. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[85]  Hian Kee Lee,et al.  Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of ultraviolet filters in environmental water samples. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[86]  M. Pourjavid,et al.  Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Via Flotation Assistance (HLLME-FA) Method for the Pretreatment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Aqueous Samples and Determination by GC–MS , 2013, Chromatographia.

[87]  Hongyuan Yan,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of six pyrethroids in river water. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[88]  J. Namieśnik,et al.  Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[89]  Víctor Cerdà,et al.  In-syringe-stirring: a novel approach for magnetic stirring-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[90]  R. A. Lorenzo,et al.  Simultaneous derivatization and ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of chloropropanols in soy milk and other aqueous matrices combined with gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[91]  Supalax Srijaranai,et al.  Vortex-assisted low density solvent based demulsified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. , 2014, Chemosphere.

[92]  Gangfeng Ouyang,et al.  Fiber-assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of aromatic amines in aqueous samples. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.