State‐of‐the‐art research on electromagnetic information security

As information security is becoming increasingly significant, security at the hardware level is as important as in networks and applications. In recent years, instrumentation has become cheaper and more precise, computation has become faster, and capacities have increased. With these advancements, the threat of advanced attacks that were considerably difficult to carry out previously has increased not only in military and diplomatic fields but also in general-purpose manufactured devices. This paper focuses on the problem of the security limitations concerning electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic information security) that has rendered attack detection particularly difficult at the hardware level. In addition to reviewing the mechanisms of these information leaks and countermeasures, this paper also presents the latest research trends and standards.