Identifying and assessing anxiety in pre-operative patients.

Increasing demands for hospitals to be more efficient mean that patients attending for an operation are generally admitted on the day of surgery. As a result, healthcare professionals have little time to talk to the patient to ascertain his or her wellbeing, to check for any signs of anxiety and ask whether the patient requires further information about the forthcoming procedure. Healthcare professionals should be encouraged to use appropriate interventions to identify and assess anxious patients. There are several instruments available to measure the patient's level of pre-operative anxiety. This article reviews the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale, which is easy for patients to complete and may help to identify which individuals need extra support.

[1]  M. Pritchard Managing anxiety in the elective surgical patient. , 2009, British journal of nursing.

[2]  Wendy Chaboyer,et al.  The effect of music on preoperative anxiety in day surgery. , 2005, Journal of advanced nursing.

[3]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[4]  N. Moerman,et al.  The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[5]  M. Mitchell Patient Anxiety and Conscious Surgery , 2009, Journal of perioperative practice.

[6]  B. Finucane,et al.  The Public's Fears About and Perceptions of Regional Anesthesia , 2003, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[7]  A. E. Taylor-Loughran,et al.  Defining characteristics of the nursing diagnoses Fear and Anxiety: A validation study*** , 1989 .

[8]  R. B. Hopkinson,et al.  Raising the Standard: Information for Patients , 2003 .

[9]  E. Carr,et al.  Patient experiences of anxiety, depression and acute pain after surgery: a longitudinal perspective. , 2005, International journal of nursing studies.

[10]  M. Sjöling,et al.  The impact of preoperative information on state anxiety, postoperative pain and satisfaction with pain management. , 2003, Patient education and counseling.

[11]  W. Caumo,et al.  Risk factors for preoperative anxiety in adults , 2001, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[12]  Z. Kain,et al.  Preoperative anxiety and intraoperative anesthetic requirements. , 2000, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[13]  K. Petrowski,et al.  The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) - the first trial of a German version , 2007, Psycho-social medicine.

[14]  F. Luthardt,et al.  Comparison of conscious sedation for oocyte retrieval between low-anxiety and high-anxiety patients. , 2005, Journal of clinical anesthesia.

[15]  Cor J Kalkman,et al.  Does Measurement of Preoperative Anxiety Have Added Value for Predicting Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting? , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[16]  D. Markland,et al.  Anxiety, relaxation and anaesthesia for day-case surgery. , 1994, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[17]  Anna Lee,et al.  Educating patients about anaesthesia: effect of various modes on patients' knowledge, anxiety and satisfaction , 2005, Current opinion in anaesthesiology.

[18]  A. Boker,et al.  The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale provides a simple and reliable measure of preoperative anxiety , 2002, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[19]  D. Horne,et al.  Preparing patients for invasive medical and surgical procedures. 1: Adding behavioral and cognitive interventions. , 1994, Behavioral medicine.

[20]  D. Andrewes,et al.  The Assessment and Treatment of Concerns and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Presurgical Monitoring for Epilepsy , 1999, Epilepsia.

[21]  Yong Chul Kim,et al.  The Validity of Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety Information Scale in the Assessment of the Preoperative Anxiety - Compared with hospital anxiety depression scale and visual analogue scale - , 1999 .

[22]  G. Mccleane,et al.  The nature of pre‐operative anxiety , 1990, Anaesthesia.

[23]  P. Lane,et al.  Perioperative uncertainty and state anxiety of orthopaedic surgical patients. , 1999, Orthopedic nursing.

[24]  R. Snaith,et al.  The hospital anxiety and depression scale. , 2013, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[25]  R. MacCallum,et al.  Psychological influences on surgical recovery. Perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. , 1998, The American psychologist.

[26]  W. Langewitz,et al.  A quantitative analysis of anaesthetist–patient communication during the pre‐operative visit , 2005, Anaesthesia.

[27]  M. Lithner,et al.  Pre- and postoperative information needs. , 2000, Patient education and counseling.

[28]  Z. Koscielniak-Nielsen,et al.  Patients' experiences with multiple stimulation axillary block for fast‐track ambulatory hand surgery , 2002, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[29]  C. Bradley,et al.  Guidelines for encouraging psychological well-being: report of a Working Group of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe and International Diabetes Federation European Region St Vincent Declaration Action Programme for Diabetes. , 1994, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[30]  C. Sherbourne,et al.  The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) , 1992 .

[31]  M. Koong,et al.  Preoperative anxiety and propofol requirement in conscious sedation for ovum retrieval. , 2003, Journal of Korean medical science.

[32]  N. Sandler,et al.  The effects of preoperative anxiety on intravenous sedation. , 2003, Anesthesia progress.

[33]  M. Mitchell Conscious surgery: influence of the environment on patient anxiety. , 2008, Journal of advanced nursing.

[34]  H. Wichowski,et al.  Does preoperative anxiety level predict postoperative pain? , 2007, AORN journal.

[35]  R. McCarthy,et al.  Patient satisfaction for carotid endarterectomy performed under local anaesthesia. , 2004, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[36]  M. Heath,et al.  Psychological characteristics and the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia. , 1995, British journal of anaesthesia.

[37]  B. Ivarsson,et al.  Extended written pre-operative information about possible complications at cardiac surgery--do the patients want to know? , 2005, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[38]  C. Bradley,et al.  Guidelines for Encouraging Psychological Well‐being , 1994 .

[39]  Marie Johnston,et al.  Benefits of Psychological Preparation for Surgery: a Meta-Analysis , 1993, Annals of Behavioral Medicine.

[40]  M. Yamamoto,et al.  Surgery information reduces anxiety in the pre-operative period. , 2004, Revista do Hospital das Clinicas.

[41]  G. Montgomery,et al.  Presurgery distress and specific response expectancies predict postsurgery outcomes in surgery patients confronting breast cancer. , 2004, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[42]  S. Fukuhara,et al.  Translation and validation of the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) for use in Japan , 2002, Quality of Life Research.