Adenovirus virus-associated RNA and translation control

Theadenovirus genome istranscribed bytwoRNA polymerases furnished bythehostcell. RNA polymerase II transcribes bothstrands oftheviral DNA over nearly allof itslength, andtheresultant mRNAs encode more than50 viral proteins. RNA polymerase IIItranscribes lessthan1% oftheviral genome, giving rise to one or two species (depending on thevirus serotype) ofshort, noncoding RNAs (44, 59). ThisRNA was namedvirus-associated (VA)RNA whenits origin fromtheviral genome was still uncertain (45). Eventhough VA RNA was detected ininfected cells asearly as1966, itsrole intranslational control andincounteracting hostantiviral defenses onlybecameapparentinthe1980s andthedetails ofitsaction remain thesubject ofactive investigation. VA RNAs are common toalladenoviruses studied todate, butmostworkhasconcentrated on the groupC adenoviruses, adenovirus types2and5(Ad2and AdS), upon whichthis review will necessarily focus.

[1]  G. Akusjärvi,et al.  Defective RNA splicing in the absence of adenovirus-associated RNAI. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  J. Hershey,et al.  Translational initiation factor and ribosome association with the cytoskeletal framework fraction from HeLa cells , 1984, Cell.

[3]  E. Kieff,et al.  Recombinant Epstein-Barr virus with small RNA (EBER) genes deleted transforms lymphocytes and replicates in vitro. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  M. Mathews,et al.  The low molecular weight of RNAs of adenovirus 2-infected cells. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[5]  J A Hardin,et al.  Two novel classes of small ribonucleoproteins detected by antibodies associated with lupus erythematosus. , 1981, Science.

[6]  R. Bhat,et al.  Construction and analysis of additional adenovirus substitution mutants confirm the complementation of VAI RNA function by two small RNAs encoded by Epstein-Barr virus , 1985, Journal of virology.

[7]  I. London,et al.  Regulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha in intact reticulocytes and reticulocyte lysates. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  A. Zilberstein,et al.  Specific phosphorylation in vitro of a protein associated with ribosomes of interferon‐treated mouse L cells , 1976, FEBS letters.

[9]  M. Mathews,et al.  Purification and activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent eIF-2 kinase DAI , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[10]  R. Roeder,et al.  Role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases II and III in transcription of the adenovirus genome late in productive infection. , 1974, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Michael B. Mathews,et al.  A mechanism for the control of protein synthesis by adenovirus VA RNAI , 1986, Cell.

[12]  R. Kaufman,et al.  Translational control mediated by eucaryotic initiation factor-2 is restricted to specific mRNAs in transfected cells , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[13]  U. Pettersson,et al.  Location of sequences on the adenovirus genome coding for the 5.5S RNA , 1975, Cell.

[14]  G. Akusjärvi,et al.  Adenovirus VA RNAI mediates a translational stimulation which is not restricted to the viral mRNAs. , 1985, The EMBO journal.

[15]  T. Shenk,et al.  An adenovirus mutant unable to express VAI RNA displays different growth responses and sensitivity to interferon in various host cell lines , 1986, Molecular and cellular biology.

[16]  M. Katze,et al.  The integrity of the stem structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-responsive sequence of RNA is required for interaction with the interferon-induced 68,000-Mr protein kinase , 1991, Journal of virology.

[17]  M. Mathews,et al.  Effects of mutations in stem and loop regions on the structure and function of adenovirus VA RNAI. , 1988, EMBO Journal.

[18]  M. Katze,et al.  Adenovirus VAI RNA complexes with the 68 000 Mr protein kinase to regulate its autophosphorylation and activity. , 1987, The EMBO journal.

[19]  M. Mathews,et al.  Interaction of adenovirus VA RNAI with the protein kinase DAI: Nonequivalence of binding and function , 1990, Cell.

[20]  M. Katze,et al.  The binding of double-stranded RNA and adenovirus VAI RNA to the interferon-induced protein kinase. , 1989, European journal of biochemistry.

[21]  T. Shenk,et al.  Adenovirus VAI RNA is required for efficient translation of viral mRNAs at late times after infection , 1982, Cell.

[22]  C. Samuel,et al.  Adenovirus VAI RNA prevents phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha subunit subsequent to infection. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  M. Mathews,et al.  Characterization of the double-stranded RNA implicated in the inhibition of protein synthesis in cells infected with a mutant adenovirus defective for VA RNA. , 1988, Virology.

[24]  C. Baglioni,et al.  Structural requirements of double-stranded RNA for the activation of 2',5'-oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells. , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[25]  I. Kerr,et al.  Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon , 1990, Cell.

[26]  R. Schneider,et al.  Adenovirus inhibition of cellular protein synthesis involves inactivation of cap-binding protein , 1991, Cell.

[27]  T. Hunt,et al.  Analysis of phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. , 1978, European journal of biochemistry.

[28]  M. Mathews,et al.  Translational control by adenovirus: lack of virus-associated RNAI during adenovirus infection results in phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 and inhibition of protein synthesis. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  M. Clemens,et al.  Translational control by the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER-1. Reversal of the double-stranded RNA-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates. , 1990, European journal of biochemistry.

[30]  M. Furtado,et al.  Complementation of adenovirus virus-associated RNA I gene deletion by expression of a mutant eukaryotic translation initiation factor. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  D. Fowlkes,et al.  Transcriptional control regions of the adenovirus VAI RNA gene , 1980, Cell.

[32]  A. Levinson,et al.  Adenovirus VAI‐RNA regulates gene expression by controlling stability of ribosome‐bound RNAs. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[33]  J W Hershey,et al.  Identification and quantitation of levels of protein synthesis initiation factors in crude HeLa cell lysates by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. , 1983, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  R. Guilfoyle,et al.  Control region for adenovirus VA RNA transcription. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  M. Mathews,et al.  Tat-responsive region RNA of human immunodeficiency virus 1 can prevent activation of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  M. Mathews,et al.  Structure of genes for virus-associated RNAI and RNAII of adenovirus type 2. , 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  G. Akusjärvi,et al.  A novel effect of adenovirus VA RNA1 on cytoplasmic mRNA abundance. , 1990, Virology.

[38]  M. Mathews,et al.  Modification of protein synthesis initiation factors and the shut-off of host protein synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells. , 1989, Virology.

[39]  M. Mathews,et al.  La antigen recognizes and binds to the 3'-oligouridylate tail of a small RNA , 1984, Molecular and cellular biology.

[40]  M. Katze,et al.  Binding of the adenovirus VAI RNA to the interferon-induced 68-kDa protein kinase correlates with function. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  R. Bhat,et al.  Two small RNAs encoded by Epstein-Barr virus can functionally substitute for the virus-associated RNAs in the lytic growth of adenovirus 5. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  V. Pathak,et al.  Generation of a mutant form of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 lacking the site of phosphorylation by eIF-2 kinases , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[43]  M. Mathews.  Binding of adenovirus VA RNA to mRNA: a possible role in splicing? , 1980, Nature.

[44]  T. Gingeras,et al.  Determination and analysis of adenovirus-2 DNA sequences which may include signals for late messenger RNA processing. , 1979, Journal of molecular biology.

[45]  R. Bhat,et al.  Functional dissection of adenovirus VAI RNA , 1989, Journal of virology.

[46]  K. Hilse,et al.  Binding of Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER-1 to the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase DAI. , 1991, Nucleic Acids Research.

[47]  A. Hovanessian.  The double stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon: dsRNA-PK. , 1989, Journal of interferon research.

[48]  S. J. Flint,et al.  The adenovirus L4 100-kilodalton protein is necessary for efficient translation of viral late mRNA species , 1990, Journal of virology.