Overview of combustion toxicology.

Combustion toxicology embraces the nature, the severity, and the time course of adverse effects produced upon exposure to fire-generated toxic species. These species usually consist of narcotic toxicants or asphyxiants, along with those which may produce sensory/upper respiratory and even pulmonary irritation. They all act in concert to compromise the vital systems of those exposed, leading to incapacitation and death generally through various hypoxia-producing mechanisms. Some fire gas toxicants are material-dependent, some are largely dependent on the combustion conditions of the fire, while others may be dependent on both. Since the rates of generation of fire toxicants are powered by the energy release of the fire, the development of toxic hazard is also dependent on the fire itself.

[1]  J. E. Peterson,et al.  Experimental human exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide. , 1973, Archives of environmental health.

[2]  Barbara C. Levin,et al.  Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire-Retarded and Non-Fire-Retarded Products , 1988 .

[3]  M. M. Birky,et al.  Fire fatality study , 1979 .

[4]  Jürgen Pauluhn.  A Retrospective Analysis of Predicted and Observed Smoke Lethal Toxic Potency Values , 1993 .

[5]  Richard W. Bukowski,et al.  Hazard I. Volume 1 :: fire hazard assessment method , 1987 .

[6]  H. Fawcett.  Fire and smoke: Understanding the hazards : By the Committee on fire toxicology, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC, 1986, 156 pages, paperback, $16.00. , 1988 .

[7]  F. Roughton,et al.  THE EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON THE OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE , 1944 .

[8]  William P. Chien,et al.  New York State Fire Gas Toxicity Requirements: Past, Present and Future , 1991 .

[9]  L. Goodman,et al.  The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 1941 .

[10]  D. Purser,et al.  Intoxication by cyanide in fires: a study in monkeys using polyacrylonitrile. , 1984, Archives of environmental health.

[11]  Arthur F. Grand,et al.  Combustion Toxicology: Principles and Test Methods , 1993 .

[12]  Vytenis Babrauskas,et al.  Toxic potency measurement for fire hazard analysis , 1992 .

[13]  I. N. Einhorn,et al.  Extreme toxicity from combustion products of a fire-retarded polyurethane foam. , 1975, Science.

[14]  Arthur F. Grand,et al.  An Evaluation of Toxic Hazards from Full-Scale Furnished Room Fire Studies , 1985 .

[15]  Y. Alarie,et al.  Inhalation Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide Gases Released During the Thermal Decomposition of Polymers , 1988 .

[16]  M M. Birky,et al.  Hazard Characteristics of Combustion Products in Fires: The State-Of-The-Art Review. Final Report. | NIST , 1977 .

[17]  B. C. Levin,et al.  Synergistic effects of nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide following acute inhalation exposures in rats , 1989 .

[18]  C. Barrow,et al.  A short-term test to predict acceptable levels of exposure to airborne sensory irritants. , 1979, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal.

[19]  Gordon E. Hartzell,et al.  Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Ii. Mathematical Modeling of Intoxication of Rats By Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide , 1985 .

[20]  Arthur F. Grand,et al.  Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VI. Further Studies on the Toxicity of Smoke Containing Hydrogen Chloride , 1987 .

[21]  E Braun,et al.  Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. , 1987, Toxicology.

[22]  Walter G. Switzer,et al.  Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Iii. Quantification of Post-Exposure Lethality of Rats From Exposure To HCl Atmospheres , 1985 .

[23]  Curtis D. Klaassen,et al.  Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons , 1981 .

[24]  Acute and Long-Term Effects of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Smoke on the Respiratory System of the Baboon and a Comparison with the Effects of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl , 1993 .

[25]  C. Barrow,et al.  Sensory irritation evoked by the thermal decomposition products of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) , 1976 .

[26]  Gordon E. Hartzell,et al.  Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: I. Incapacitating Effects of Narcotic Fire Gases , 1984 .

[27]  W. D. Woolley,et al.  Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres , 1983 .

[28]  Gordon E. Hartzell,et al.  Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: V. Mathematical Modeling of Intoxication of Rats By Combined Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide Atmospheres , 1985 .

[29]  Arthur F. Grand,et al.  Effects of Combustion Gases On Escape Performance of the Baboon and the Rat , 1985 .

[30]  M. Kaiser,et al.  UNDERSTANDING WHAT HAPPENS IN A FΙRE , 1991 .

[31]  Paul W. Smith,et al.  Inhalation toxicology. I., Design of a small-animal test system, II. Determination of the relative toxic hazards of 75 aircraft cabin materials. , 1977 .

[32]  Gordon E. Hartzell,et al.  On the Toxicities of Atmospheres Containing Both CO and CO2 , 1985 .

[33]  Howard W. Emmons,et al.  The Fractional Effective Dose Model for Assessment of Toxic Hazards in Fires , 1988 .

[34]  S. E. Harris,et al.  Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires , 1987 .

[35]  Hydrogen Chloride Transport and Decay in a Large Apparatus: II. Variables Affecting Hydrogen Chloride Decay , 1987 .

[36]  J. Zapp.  The Toxicology of Fire , 1951 .

[37]  Gary F. Bennett,et al.  The SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering : By P.J. DiNenno, C.L. Beyler, R.L.P. Custer, W.D. Walton and J.M. Watts, Jr., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA and Society of Fire Prot , 1990 .

[38]  Walter G. Switzer,et al.  Studies of the Effects of Hydrogen Chloride and Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Smoke in Rodents , 1993 .

[39]  M. Paabo,et al.  Further Development of a Test Method for the Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products. | NIST , 1982 .