Kinases that control the cell cycle in response to DNA damage: Chk1, Chk2, and MK2.

[1]  D. Spector,et al.  53BP1 promotes non-homologous end joining of telomeres by increasing chromatin mobility , 2008, Nature.

[2]  P. Graves,et al.  Phosphorylation of Argonaute 2 at serine-387 facilitates its localization to processing bodies. , 2008, The Biochemical journal.

[3]  K. Cimprich,et al.  ATR: an essential regulator of genome integrity , 2008, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[4]  J. Harper,et al.  Differential Roles for Checkpoint Kinases in DNA Damage-dependent Degradation of the Cdc25A Protein Phosphatase* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[5]  S. Jackson,et al.  Phospho-dependent interactions between NBS1 and MDC1 mediate chromatin retention of the MRN complex at sites of DNA damage , 2008, EMBO reports.

[6]  G. Kroemer,et al.  Critical Involvement of the ATM-Dependent DNA Damage Response in the Apoptotic Demise of HIV-1-Elicited Syncytia , 2008, PloS one.

[7]  M. Mann,et al.  The AU-rich element mRNA decay-promoting activity of BRF1 is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2. , 2008, RNA.

[8]  Edward S. Miller,et al.  Constitutive phosphorylation of MDC1 physically links the MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 complex to damaged chromatin , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[9]  Sandra Lopez-Aviles,et al.  Activation of Srk1 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase Sty1/Spc1 precedes its dissociation from the kinase and signals its degradation. , 2008, Molecular biology of the cell.

[10]  E. Appella,et al.  GSK-3 beta targets Cdc25A for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and GSK-3 beta inactivation correlates with Cdc25A overproduction in human cancers. , 2008, Cancer cell.

[11]  F. Alt,et al.  Distinct roles of chromatin-associated proteins MDC1 and 53BP1 in mammalian double-strand break repair. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[12]  S. Elledge,et al.  Ubc13/Rnf8 ubiquitin ligases control foci formation of the Rap80/Abraxas/Brca1/Brcc36 complex in response to DNA damage , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  R. Zhao,et al.  Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Cell Cycle G2 Arrest through Srk1/MK2-Mediated Phosphorylation of Cdc25 , 2007, Journal of Virology.

[14]  J Wade Harper,et al.  The DNA damage response: ten years after. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[15]  Laurence Pelletier,et al.  Orchestration of the DNA-Damage Response by the RNF8 Ubiquitin Ligase , 2007, Science.

[16]  Michael B. Yaffe,et al.  RNF8 Transduces the DNA-Damage Signal via Histone Ubiquitylation and Checkpoint Protein Assembly , 2007, Cell.

[17]  Jiri Bartek,et al.  RNF8 Ubiquitylates Histones at DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Promotes Assembly of Repair Proteins , 2007, Cell.

[18]  Jiri Bartek,et al.  Human CtIP promotes DNA end resection , 2007, Nature.

[19]  Yingli Sun,et al.  DNA Damage-Induced Acetylation of Lysine 3016 of ATM Activates ATM Kinase Activity , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[20]  John Lough,et al.  Tip60 is a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor required for an oncogene-induced DNA damage response , 2007, Nature.

[21]  M. Nussenzweig,et al.  Chromatin dynamics and the preservation of genetic information , 2007, Nature.

[22]  B. A. Ballif,et al.  ATM and ATR Substrate Analysis Reveals Extensive Protein Networks Responsive to DNA Damage , 2007, Science.

[23]  R. Monnat,et al.  Roles of ATM and NBS1 in chromatin structure modulation and DNA double-strand break repair , 2007, Nature Cell Biology.

[24]  Yingming Zhao,et al.  TAO kinases mediate activation of p38 in response to DNA damage , 2007, The EMBO journal.

[25]  Bennett T. Farmer,et al.  Molecular basis of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2:p38 assembly , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[26]  C. Lepre,et al.  Crystal Structure of the P38α-MAPKAP Kinase 2 Heterodimer* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[27]  Michael B Yaffe,et al.  p53-deficient cells rely on ATM- and ATR-mediated checkpoint signaling through the p38MAPK/MK2 pathway for survival after DNA damage. , 2007, Cancer cell.

[28]  J. Yates,et al.  PRAK Is Essential for ras-Induced Senescence and Tumor Suppression , 2007, Cell.

[29]  A. Nussenzweig,et al.  Autophosphorylation at serine 1987 is dispensable for murine Atm activation in vivo , 2006, Nature.

[30]  S. Elledge,et al.  Rad17 phosphorylation is required for claspin recruitment and Chk1 activation in response to replication stress. , 2006, Molecular cell.

[31]  N. Mailand,et al.  Claspin Operates Downstream of TopBP1 To Direct ATR Signaling towards Chk1 Activation , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[32]  B. Monsarrat,et al.  CDC25B Phosphorylation by p38 and MK-2 , 2006, Cell cycle.

[33]  A. Kumagai,et al.  TopBP1 Activates the ATR-ATRIP Complex , 2006, Cell.

[34]  R. Tibbetts,et al.  Molecular Linkage Between the Kinase ATM and NF-κB Signaling in Response to Genotoxic Stimuli , 2006, Science.

[35]  M. Schlissel,et al.  Activation of p38 MAP kinase by DNA double‐strand breaks in V(D)J recombination induces a G2/M cell cycle checkpoint , 2006, The EMBO journal.

[36]  M. Gaestel,et al.  MAPKAP kinases — MKs — two's company, three's a crowd , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[37]  F. Alt,et al.  MDC1 maintains genomic stability by participating in the amplification of ATM-dependent DNA damage signals. , 2006, Molecular cell.

[38]  Z. Herceg,et al.  The Transcriptional Histone Acetyltransferase Cofactor TRRAP Associates with the MRN Repair Complex and Plays a Role in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[39]  M. Yaffe,et al.  MDC1 Directly Binds Phosphorylated Histone H2AX to Regulate Cellular Responses to DNA Double-Strand Breaks , 2005, Cell.

[40]  T. Koyama,et al.  p38 MAP kinase plays a role in G2 checkpoint activation and inhibits apoptosis of human B cell lymphoma cells treated with etoposide , 2005, Apoptosis.

[41]  J. Glover,et al.  Structure of the BRCT Repeat Domain of MDC1 and Its Specificity for the Free COOH-terminal End of the γ-H2AX Histone Tail* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[42]  Xiaofeng Jiang,et al.  A role for the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase in the acetylation and activation of ATM. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  M. Pacek,et al.  Functional uncoupling of MCM helicase and DNA polymerase activities activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint. , 2005, Genes & development.

[44]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  Normal Cell Cycle and Checkpoint Responses in Mice and Cells Lacking Cdc25B and Cdc25C Protein Phosphatases , 2005, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[45]  Stephen P. Jackson,et al.  Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage , 2005, Nature.

[46]  T. Pandita,et al.  Lack of PTEN sequesters CHK1 and initiates genetic instability. , 2005, Cancer cell.

[47]  Michael B Yaffe,et al.  MAPKAP kinase-2 is a cell cycle checkpoint kinase that regulates the G2/M transition and S phase progression in response to UV irradiation. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[48]  O. Bachs,et al.  Inactivation of the Cdc25 phosphatase by the stress-activated Srk1 kinase in fission yeast. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[49]  Soo-Mi Kim,et al.  Claspin and the Activated Form of ATR-ATRIP Collaborate in the Activation of Chk1* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[50]  Jiri Bartek,et al.  Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer , 2004, Nature.

[51]  Trey Ideker,et al.  Hot spots for modulating toxicity identified by genomic phenotyping and localization mapping. , 2004, Molecular cell.

[52]  A. Mikhailov,et al.  Topoisomerase II and histone deacetylase inhibitors delay the G2/M transition by triggering the p38 MAPK checkpoint pathway , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[53]  C. Prives,et al.  The Chk2 protein kinase. , 2004, DNA repair.

[54]  Michel Nussenzweig,et al.  H2AX: the histone guardian of the genome. , 2004, DNA repair.

[55]  J. Blenis,et al.  ERK and p38 MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases: a Family of Protein Kinases with Diverse Biological Functions , 2004, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[56]  P. Anderson,et al.  MK2‐induced tristetraprolin:14‐3‐3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE‐mRNA decay , 2004, The EMBO journal.

[57]  Jun Qin,et al.  SCFbeta-TRCP links Chk1 signaling to degradation of the Cdc25A protein phosphatase. , 2003, Genes & development.

[58]  S. Miyamoto,et al.  Sequential Modification of NEMO/IKKγ by SUMO-1 and Ubiquitin Mediates NF-κB Activation by Genotoxic Stress , 2003, Cell.

[59]  Michele Pagano,et al.  Degradation of Cdc25A by β-TrCP during S phase and in response to DNA damage , 2003, Nature.

[60]  M. Berger,et al.  The p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Links the DNA Mismatch Repair System to the G2 Checkpoint and to Resistance to Chemotherapeutic DNA-Methylating Agents , 2003, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[61]  Nobuyuki Tanaka,et al.  Mechanism of p38 MAP kinase activation in vivo. , 2003, Genes & development.

[62]  R. Bonner,et al.  Histone H2AX phosphorylation is dispensable for the initial recognition of DNA breaks , 2003, Nature Cell Biology.

[63]  M. Donzelli,et al.  Regulating mammalian checkpoints through Cdc25 inactivation , 2003, EMBO reports.

[64]  Stephen J. Elledge,et al.  Sensing DNA Damage Through ATRIP Recognition of RPA-ssDNA Complexes , 2003, Science.

[65]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  Regulation of the Chk2 protein kinase by oligomerization-mediated cis- and trans-phosphorylation. , 2003, Molecular cancer research : MCR.

[66]  Jiri Bartek,et al.  Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. , 2003, Cancer cell.

[67]  Y. Shiloh.  ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity , 2003, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[68]  J. Bartek,et al.  Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. , 2003, Cancer cell.

[69]  M. Kastan,et al.  DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation , 2003, Nature.

[70]  P. Cohen,et al.  Inhibition of SAPK2a/p38 prevents hnRNP A0 phosphorylation by MAPKAP‐K2 and its interaction with cytokine mRNAs , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[71]  M. Gaestel,et al.  Distinct Cellular Functions of MK2 , 2002, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[72]  M. Yaffe,et al.  Cytoplasmic Localization of Tristetraprolin Involves 14-3-3-dependent and -independent Mechanisms* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[73]  Michel C. Nussenzweig,et al.  Genomic Instability in Mice Lacking Histone H2AX , 2002, Science.

[74]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  14-3-3 binding regulates catalytic activity of human Wee1 kinase. , 2001, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[75]  R. Abraham.  Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. , 2001, Genes & development.

[76]  Jay H. Chung,et al.  The hCds1 (Chk2)-FHA Domain Is Essential for a Chain of Phosphorylation Events on hCds1 That Is Induced by Ionizing Radiation* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[77]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  ATR-Mediated Checkpoint Pathways Regulate Phosphorylation and Activation of Human Chk1 , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[78]  C. Gilbert,et al.  Budding yeast Rad9 is an ATP-dependent Rad53 activating machine. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[79]  E. Appella,et al.  Initiation of a G2/M checkpoint after ultraviolet radiation requires p38 kinase , 2001, Nature.

[80]  N. Mailand,et al.  The ATM–Chk2–Cdc25A checkpoint pathway guards against radioresistant DNA synthesis , 2001, Nature.

[81]  J. Avruch,et al.  Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. , 2001, Physiological reviews.

[82]  A. Kumagai,et al.  Positive regulation of Wee1 by Chk1 and 14-3-3 proteins. , 2001, Molecular biology of the cell.

[83]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  Threonine 68 phosphorylation by ataxia telangiectasia mutated is required for efficient activation of Chk2 in response to ionizing radiation. , 2000, Cancer research.

[84]  A. Blasina,et al.  Threonine 68 is required for radiation-induced phosphorylation and activation of Cds1 , 2000, Nature Cell Biology.

[85]  A. Kumagai,et al.  Claspin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[86]  M. Yaffe,et al.  MAP kinase pathways activated by stress: the p38 MAPK pathway. , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[87]  H. Piwnica-Worms,et al.  DNA Damage and Replication Checkpoints in Fission Yeast Require Nuclear Exclusion of the Cdc25 Phosphatase via 14-3-3 Binding , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[88]  C. Marshall,et al.  Nuclear export of the stress-activated protein kinase p38 mediated by its substrate MAPKAP kinase-2 , 1998, Current Biology.

[89]  M. Gaestel,et al.  Leptomycin B‐sensitive nuclear export of MAPKAP kinase 2 is regulated by phosphorylation , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[90]  Roger J. Davis,et al.  Selective Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Isoforms by the MAP Kinase Kinases MKK3 and MKK6* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[91]  Yong Jiang,et al.  Characterization of the Structure and Function of the Fourth Member of p38 Group Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases, p38δ* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[92]  P. Nurse,et al.  Chk1 is a wee1 kinase in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint inhibiting cdc2 by Y15 phosphorylation , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[93]  S. Bartz,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cell cycle control: Vpr is cytostatic and mediates G2 accumulation by a mechanism which differs from DNA damage checkpoint control , 1996, Journal of virology.

[94]  D. Kufe,et al.  Involvement of stress-activated protein kinase in the cellular response to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and other DNA-damaging agents. , 1995, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[95]  P. Sunnerhagen,et al.  The RCK1 and RCK2 protein kinase genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppress cell cycle checkpoint mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 1995, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[96]  T. Tlsty,et al.  Distribution of ultraviolet-induced DNA repair synthesis in nuclease sensitive and resistant regions of human chromatin. , 1978, Biochemistry.

[97]  Z. Herceg,et al.  Histone acetylation by Trrap–Tip60 modulates loading of repair proteins and repair of DNA double-strand breaks , 2006, Nature Cell Biology.

[98]  Jiri Bartek,et al.  ATM- and cell cycle-dependent regulation of ATR in response to DNA double-strand breaks , 2006, Nature Cell Biology.

[99]  S. Miyamoto,et al.  Sequential modification of NEMO/IKKgamma by SUMO-1 and ubiquitin mediates NF-kappaB activation by genotoxic stress. , 2003, Cell.

[100]  Michele Pagano,et al.  Degradation of Cdc25A by beta-TrCP during S phase and in response to DNA damage. , 2003, Nature.