Smart transportation emission reduction strategies: identifying truly optimal ways to conserve energy and reduce emissions

This report investigates the optimal (best overall, taking into account all benefits and costs) transportation emission reduction strategies. Current evaluation methods tend to undervalue mobility management (also called Transportation Demand Management or TDM) strategies that increase transport system efficiency by changing travel behavior, due to biases that include (1) ignorance about these strategies; (2) failure to consider cobenefits; (3) failure to consider rebound effects of increased fuel economy; (4) belief that mobility management impacts are difficult to predict; (5) belief that mobility management programs are difficult to implement; and (6) belief that vehicle travel reductions harm consumers and the economy. More comprehensive and objective analysis tends to rank mobility management strategies among the most cost-effective emission reduction options. This report describes ways to correct current planning bias so mobility management solutions can be implemented to the degree optimal.

[1]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Assessing and Comparing Environmental Performance of Major Transit Investments , 2012 .

[2]  Lawrence D. Frank,et al.  An assessment of urban form and pedestrian and transit improvements as an integrated GHG reduction strategy. , 2011 .

[3]  R. Shackleton.  The Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions , 2009 .

[4]  Todd Litman,et al.  Are Vehicle Travel Reduction Targets Justified? Evaluating Mobility Management Policy Objectives Such As Targets To Reduce VMT And Increase Use Of Alternative Modes , 2009 .

[5]  Todd Litman,et al.  Where We Want To Be: Home Location Preferences And Their Implications For Smart Growth , 2009 .

[6]  F. Creutzig,et al.  Climate change mitigation and co-benefits of feasible transport demand policies in Beijing , 2009 .

[7]  Robert Gross,et al.  What policies are effective at reducing carbon emissions from surface passenger transport? - a review of interventions to encourage behavioural andtechnological change , 2009 .

[8]  R. Chatterjee.  Smart growth--a solution to climate change? , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[9]  P. Newman,et al.  Transport Policy for a Fuel Constrained Future: an Overview of Options , 2008 .

[10]  Matthew E. Kahn,et al.  The Greenness of Cities: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development , 2008 .

[11]  J. M. Griffin,et al.  Impacts on U.S. Energy Expenditures and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Increasing Renewable-Energy Use , 2008 .

[12]  R. Ewing,et al.  Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change , 2008 .

[13]  Itf.  The Costs and Effectiveness of Police to Reduce Vehicle Emissions , 2008 .

[14]  Peter Rickwood,et al.  Options for reducing transport fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions for Sydney , 2007 .

[15]  John P. Holdren,et al.  Policy Options for Reducing Oil Consumption and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from the U. S. Transportation Sector , 2007 .

[16]  D. Associates.  Assessment of local models and tools for analyzing smart-growth strategies. , 2007 .

[17]  T. Sterner.  Fuel taxes : An important instrument for climate policy , 2007 .

[18]  Sisinnio Concas,et al.  Economics of Travel Demand Management: Comparative Cost Effectiveness and Public Investment , 2007 .

[19]  K. Small,et al.  Fuel Efficiency and Motor Vehicle Travel: The Declining Rebound Effect , 2007, Controlling Automobile Air Pollution.

[20]  M. Robèrt,et al.  Assessment Of Transport Policies Toward Future Emission Targets: A Backcasting Approach For Stockholm 2030 , 2006 .

[21]  T. Litman,et al.  Issues in sustainable transportation , 2006 .

[22]  Todd Litman,et al.  Changing Travel Demand: Implications for Transport Planning , 2006 .

[23]  Lloyd Wright,et al.  Climate Change Mitigation and Transport in Developing Nations , 2005 .

[24]  J P Poorman,et al.  A holistic transportation planning framework for management and operations , 2005 .

[25]  T. Litman.  Efficient vehicles versus efficient transportation. Comparing transportation energy conservation strategies , 2005 .

[26]  D. Belzer.  Location Effi ciency and Housing Type — Boiling it Down to BTUs , 2011 .

[27]  Todd Litman,et al.  Critique of the National Association of Home Builders' Research On Land Use Emission Reduction Impacts , 2011 .

[28]  Robert Salter,et al.  Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation - Transport Sector , 2011 .

[29]  Michael J. Greenwald,et al.  Carbonless footprints: promoting health and climate stabilization through active transportation. , 2010, Preventive medicine.

[30]  S. Kretzmann.  G20 Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Phase Out A review of current gaps and needed changes to achieve success , 2010 .

[31]  Todd Litman,et al.  Evaluating Carbon Taxes as an Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Strategy , 2009 .

[32]  Environmental Systems.  Driving and the built environment : the effects of compact development on motorized travel, energy use, and CO2 emissions , 2009 .

[33]  Cornie Huizenga,et al.  The Co-Benefits of Responding to Climate Change : STATUS in ASIA , 2008 .

[34]  Todd Litman,et al.  Managing transport challenges when oil prices rise , 2008 .

[35]  W. Ross Morrow,et al.  Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Analysis of Policies to Reduce Oil Consumption and , 2008 .

[36]  Christian Brand,et al.  Success stories within the road transport sector on reducing greenhouse gas emission and producing ancillary benefits , 2008 .

[37]  Brian Gouge,et al.  An Integrated Approach to Transportation Policy in BC ASSESSING GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS OPPORTUNITIES IN FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION , 2008 .

[38]  S. Sorrell.  The rebound effect: an assessment of the evidence for economy-wide energy savings from improved energy efficiency , 2007 .

[39]  P. C. Zegras,et al.  The Kyoto Protocol and Sustainable Cities: Potential Use of Clean-Development Mechanism in Structuring Cities for Carbon-Efficient Transportation , 2006 .

[40]  R H Pratt,et al.  TRAVELER RESPONSE TO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CHANGES. CHAPTER 10 - BUS ROUTING AND COVERAGE , 2004 .

[41]  S. Feigon,et al.  TRAVEL MATTERS: MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE WITH SUSTAINABLE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION , 2003 .

[42]  R. Skinner,et al.  Travel Matters : Mitigating Climate Change with Sustainable Surface Transportation , 2002 .

[43]  A. Markandya,et al.  Transport and the global environment: accounting for GHG reductions in policy analysis , 2001 .

[44]  A. Badiru.  Project Evaluation , 1998, Project Management Essentials.

[45]  D. Yergin.  GASOLINE AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE , 1991 .

[46]  Daniel Sperling,et al.  TRANSPORTATION ENERGY FUTURES , 1989 .