QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY BASED BONE-STRENGTH INDICATORS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF LOW BONE-STRENGTH INDIVIDUALS IN A CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By BINO ABEL VARGHESE

[1]  T. Hangartner,et al.  Evaluation of cortical bone by computed tomography , 1996, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[2]  Tony F. Chan,et al.  Active contours without edges , 2001, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[3]  M. Viceconti,et al.  Mathematical relationships between bone density and mechanical properties: a literature review. , 2008, Clinical biomechanics.

[4]  John D. Currey,et al.  Bones: Structure and Mechanics , 2002 .

[5]  J H Keyak,et al.  Validation of an automated method of three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone. , 1993, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[6]  Panayiotis Papadopoulos,et al.  The modified super-ellipsoid yield criterion for human trabecular bone. , 2004, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[7]  D B Burr,et al.  In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity. , 1996, Bone.

[8]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  Automatic generation of finite element meshes from computed tomography data. , 2003, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[9]  S Z Zhong,et al.  Biomechanical characteristics of human trabecular bone. , 1997, Clinical biomechanics.

[10]  Eric Lespessailles,et al.  Evaluation of macrostructural bone biomechanics. , 2007, Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme.

[11]  I Perkash,et al.  Bone mineral and geometric changes through the femur with immobilization due to spinal cord injury. , 2000, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[12]  F. Spiers Physics of Radiology , 1968, Nature.

[13]  S. Goldstein,et al.  Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. , 1999, Journal of biomechanics.

[14]  G. Strang,et al.  An Analysis of the Finite Element Method , 1974 .

[15]  S. M. Rajaai,et al.  How Does The Bone Shaft Geometry Affect its Bending Properties , 2009 .

[16]  T.N. Hangartner,et al.  Image-Based Strength Assessment of Bone , 2007, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[17]  T N Hangartner,et al.  Race and sex differences in bone mineral density and geometry at the femur. , 2009, Bone.

[18]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  An accurate estimation of bone density improves the accuracy of subject-specific finite element models. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[19]  Atik Oş Is the bone and joint decade over , 2010 .

[20]  P M Joseph,et al.  The exponential edge-gradient effect in x-ray computed tomography. , 1981, Physics in medicine and biology.

[21]  C. Ruff,et al.  Estimating human long bone cross-sectional geometric properties: a comparison of noninvasive methods. , 2004, Journal of human evolution.

[22]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  Subject-specific finite element models implementing a maximum principal strain criterion are able to estimate failure risk and fracture location on human femurs tested in vitro. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[23]  M. Hochberg Racial differences in bone strength. , 2007, Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association.

[24]  Yuehuei H. An,et al.  Mechanical testing of bone and the bone-implant interface , 1999 .

[25]  Fabio Baruffaldi,et al.  Mechanical testing of cancellous bone from the femoral head: experimental errors due to off-axis measurements. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[26]  D. Holdsworth,et al.  The effect of the density-modulus relationship selected to apply material properties in a finite element model of long bone. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[27]  P Rüegsegger,et al.  Optimal CT settings for bone evaluations. , 1985, Physics in medicine and biology.

[28]  T. Karachalios,et al.  Correlation of pQCT bone strength index with mechanical testing in distraction osteogenesis. , 2009, Bone.

[29]  D S Barker,et al.  Validation of a finite element model of the human metacarpal. , 2005, Medical engineering & physics.

[30]  Thomas M. Link,et al.  The Effects of Geometric and Threshold Definitions on Cortical Bone Metrics Assessed by In Vivo High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography , 2007, Calcified Tissue International.

[31]  Hwj Rik Huiskes,et al.  Trabecular Bone Tissue Strains in the Healthy and Osteoporotic Human Femur , 2003, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[32]  B. Snyder,et al.  Noninvasive Imaging Predicts Failure Load of the Spine with Simulated Osteolytic Defects*† , 2000, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[33]  Daniel E Lieberman,et al.  Predicting long bone loading from cross-sectional geometry. , 2004, American journal of physical anthropology.

[34]  R. Alexander,et al.  Optimum strengths for bones liable to fatigue and accidental fracture. , 1984, Journal of theoretical biology.

[35]  M Martens,et al.  Mechanical behaviour of femoral bones in bending loading. , 1986, Journal of biomechanics.

[36]  T. Hangartner,et al.  Estimation of bone strength from pediatric radiographs of the forearm. , 2008, Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions.

[37]  J. Currey,et al.  The Mechanical Properties of Bone , 1970, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[38]  H. Ranu,et al.  Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. 2nd Edn , 1992 .

[39]  James Hong Noninvasive prediction of failure in trabecular bone with simulated regularly shaped lyptic defects , 1997 .

[40]  Jörn Rittweger,et al.  Structural analysis of the human tibia by tomographic (pQCT) serial scans , 2010, Journal of anatomy.

[41]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  Subject-specific finite element models can accurately predict strain levels in long bones. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[42]  J. Keyak,et al.  Comparison of in situ and in vitro CT scan-based finite element model predictions of proximal femoral fracture load. , 2003, Medical engineering & physics.

[43]  J. Ferretti Perspectives of pQCT technology associated to biomechanical studies in skeletal research employing rat models. , 1995, Bone.

[44]  B. Snyder,et al.  Predicting fracture through benign skeletal lesions with quantitative computed tomography. , 2006, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[45]  G. Dougherty,et al.  Quantitative CT in the measurement of bone quantity and bone quality for assessing osteoporosis. , 1996, Medical engineering & physics.

[46]  Y. An Orthopaedic Issues in Osteoporosis , 2002 .

[47]  B. McGrory,et al.  Fractures of the Proximal Femur , 2002 .

[48]  Himes Jh Racial variation in physique and body composition. , 1988 .

[49]  P. Brooks THE BONE AND JOINT DECADE – 2000–10 , 2002 .

[50]  R. Brooks,et al.  Beam hardening in X-ray reconstructive tomography , 1976 .

[51]  Marco Viceconti,et al.  Subject-specific finite element models of long bones: An in vitro evaluation of the overall accuracy. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[52]  T. Keaveny,et al.  Trabecular bone modulus-density relationships depend on anatomic site. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[53]  Angelo Cappello,et al.  Automatic generation of accurate subject-specific bone finite element models to be used in clinical studies. , 2004, Journal of biomechanics.

[54]  Steven K Boyd,et al.  Bone strength at the distal radius can be estimated from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the finite element method. , 2008, Bone.

[55]  H. Frost,et al.  Bone mass, bone strength, muscle–bone interactions, osteopenias and osteoporoses , 2003, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[56]  Julia F. Barrett,et al.  Artifacts in CT: recognition and avoidance. , 2004, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[57]  M. Martens,et al.  The geometrical properties of human femur and tibia and their importance for the mechanical behaviour of these bone structures , 2004, Archives of orthopaedic and traumatic surgery.

[58]  D. Felsenberg,et al.  Fractal Analysis of Proximal Femur Radiographs: Correlation with Biomechanical Properties and Bone Mineral Density , 1999, Osteoporosis International.

[59]  A. Parfitt Implications of architecture for the pathogenesis and prevention of vertebral fracture. , 1992, Bone.

[60]  Steve Weiner,et al.  THE MATERIAL BONE: Structure-Mechanical Function Relations , 1998 .

[61]  H. Skinner,et al.  Three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone: effects of element size. , 1992, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[62]  Dewey H. Hodges,et al.  Nonlinear Composite Beam Theory , 2006 .

[63]  P Zioupos,et al.  Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. , 1998, Medical engineering & physics.

[64]  A. Heinonen,et al.  A Randomized School‐Based Jumping Intervention Confers Site and Maturity‐Specific Benefits on Bone Structural Properties in Girls: A Hip Structural Analysis Study , 2002, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[65]  A Ramos,et al.  Tetrahedral versus hexahedral finite elements in numerical modelling of the proximal femur. , 2006, Medical engineering & physics.

[66]  Kozo Nakamura,et al.  Prediction of strength and strain of the proximal femur by a CT-based finite element method. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[67]  P. M. Lind,et al.  Torsional testing and peripheral quantitative computed tomography in rat humerus. , 2001, Bone.

[68]  R. B. Ashman,et al.  Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. , 1995, Medical engineering & physics.

[69]  T. Hangartner,et al.  Computed-tomography-based finite-element models of long bones can accurately capture strain response to bending and torsion. , 2011, Journal of biomechanics.

[70]  Thomas N. Hangartner,et al.  Accurate quantification of width and density of bone structures by computed tomography. , 2007 .