MADAMM: A multistaged docking with an automated molecular modeling protocol

Dealing with receptor flexibility in docking methodology is still a problem. The main reason behind this difficulty is the large number of degrees of freedom that have to be considered in this kind of calculations. In this paper, we present an automated procedure, called MADAMM, that allows flexibilization of both the receptor and the ligand during a multistaged docking with an automated molecular modeling protocol. We show that the orientation of particular residues at the interface between the protein and the ligand have a crucial influence on the way they interact during the docking process, and the standard docking methodologies failed to predict their correct mode of binding. We present some examples that demonstrate the capabilities of this approach when compared with traditional docking methodologies. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  L Meijer,et al.  Cyclin-dependent kinases: initial approaches to exploit a novel therapeutic target. , 1999, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[2]  Maria Kontoyianni,et al.  Evaluation of docking performance: comparative data on docking algorithms. , 2004, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[3]  G J Williams,et al.  The Protein Data Bank: a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. , 1977, Journal of molecular biology.

[4]  Gerrit Groenhof,et al.  GROMACS: Fast, flexible, and free , 2005, J. Comput. Chem..

[5]  A. Bitonti,et al.  Crystal structure of human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in complex with the adenine-derived inhibitor H717. , 2001, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[6]  Didier Nurizzo,et al.  Differential Oligosaccharide Recognition by Evolutionarily-related β-1,4 and β-1,3 Glucan-binding Modules , 2002 .

[7]  J. L. Asensio,et al.  The use of the AMBER force field in conformational analysis of carbohydrate molecules: Determination of the solution conformation of methyl α‐lactoside by NMR spectroscopy, assisted by molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations , 1995, Biopolymers.

[8]  M. Zacharias,et al.  Accounting for loop flexibility during protein–protein docking , 2005, Proteins.

[9]  E. Sausville,et al.  Inhibition of CDKs as a Therapeutic Modality , 2000, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[10]  H. Carlson Protein flexibility and drug design: how to hit a moving target. , 2002, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[11]  Heather A Carlson,et al.  Incorporating protein flexibility in structure-based drug discovery: using HIV-1 protease as a test case. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  I. Luque,et al.  Structural stability of binding sites: Consequences for binding affinity and allosteric effects , 2000, Proteins.

[13]  Marcin Król,et al.  Flexible relaxation of rigid‐body docking solutions , 2007, Proteins.

[14]  Matthew R. Lee,et al.  MAP Kinase p38Inhibitors: Clinical Results and an Intimate Look at Their Interactions with p38α Protein , 2005 .

[15]  G J Williams,et al.  The Protein Data Bank: a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. , 1978, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[16]  Matthew R. Lee,et al.  MAP kinase p38 inhibitors: clinical results and an intimate look at their interactions with p38alpha protein. , 2005, Current medicinal chemistry.

[17]  A. Leach,et al.  Ligand docking to proteins with discrete side-chain flexibility. , 1994, Journal of molecular biology.

[18]  L. Kuyper,et al.  Binding mode of the 4-anilinoquinazoline class of protein kinase inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic studies of 4-anilinoquinazolines bound to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and p38 kinase. , 2000, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[19]  Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes,et al.  Protein–ligand docking: Current status and future challenges , 2006, Proteins.

[20]  Rafael Najmanovich,et al.  Side‐chain flexibility in proteins upon ligand binding , 2000, Proteins.

[21]  Marcin Król,et al.  Implicit flexibility in protein docking: Cross‐docking and local refinement , 2007, Proteins.

[22]  D. Rognan,et al.  Protein-based virtual screening of chemical databases. 1. Evaluation of different docking/scoring combinations. , 2000, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[23]  Christopher W. Murray,et al.  The sensitivity of the results of molecular docking to induced fit effects: Application to thrombin, thermolysin and neuraminidase , 1999, J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des..

[24]  M. Karplus,et al.  CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations , 1983 .

[25]  Jesús Jiménez-Barbero,et al.  On the importance of carbohydrate-aromatic interactions for the molecular recognition of oligosaccharides by proteins: NMR studies of the structure and binding affinity of AcAMP2-like peptides with non-natural naphthyl and fluoroaromatic residues. , 2005, Chemistry.

[26]  P Willett,et al.  Development and validation of a genetic algorithm for flexible docking. , 1997, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  Didier Rognan,et al.  Protein‐based virtual screening of chemical databases. II. Are homology models of g‐protein coupled receptors suitable targets? , 2002, Proteins.

[28]  N. P. Todorov,et al.  Receptor flexibility in de novo ligand design and docking. , 2005, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[29]  Didier Nurizzo,et al.  Differential oligosaccharide recognition by evolutionarily-related beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glucan-binding modules. , 2002, Journal of molecular biology.

[30]  M. Karin,et al.  Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades , 2001, Nature.

[31]  I. Wilson,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of an anti-steroid Fab' and progesterone-Fab' complex. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.

[32]  Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes,et al.  Molecular determinants of ligand specificity in family 11 carbohydrate binding modules – an NMR, X‐ray crystallography and computational chemistry approach , 2008, The FEBS journal.

[33]  J. Richardson,et al.  The penultimate rotamer library , 2000, Proteins.

[34]  L Meijer,et al.  Multiple modes of ligand recognition: Crystal structures of cyclin‐dependent protein kinase 2 in complex with ATP and two inhibitors, olomoucine and isopentenyladenine , 1995, Proteins.

[35]  Heather A Carlson,et al.  Protein flexibility is an important component of structure-based drug discovery. , 2002, Current pharmaceutical design.

[36]  J A McCammon,et al.  Accommodating protein flexibility in computational drug design. , 2000, Molecular pharmacology.

[37]  Laxmikant V. Kalé,et al.  NAMD: a Parallel, Object-Oriented Molecular Dynamics Program , 1996, Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl..

[38]  B. Dominy,et al.  Development of a generalized Born model parameterization for proteins and nucleic acids , 1999 .

[39]  E. Goldsmith,et al.  The structure of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 at 2.1-A resolution. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  D. Kilburn,et al.  Recognition of cello-oligosaccharides by a family 17 carbohydrate-binding module: an X-ray crystallographic, thermodynamic and mutagenic study. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[41]  Johan Desmet,et al.  The dead-end elimination theorem and its use in protein side-chain positioning , 1992, Nature.

[42]  D. Bolam,et al.  The Family 11 Carbohydrate-binding Module of Clostridium thermocellum Lic26A-Cel5E Accommodates β-1,4- and β-1,3–1,4-Mixed Linked Glucans at a Single Binding Site* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[43]  Gabriel Cuevas,et al.  Molecular recognition of saccharides by proteins. Insights on the origin of the carbohydrate-aromatic interactions. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[44]  R. Nussinov,et al.  How different are structurally flexible and rigid binding sites? Sequence and structural features discriminating proteins that do and do not undergo conformational change upon ligand binding. , 2007, Journal of molecular biology.

[45]  B. Shen,et al.  Novel strategies for inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. , 2007, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[46]  R Nussinov,et al.  Flexible docking allowing induced fit in proteins: Insights from an open to closed conformational isomers , 1998, Proteins.

[47]  Didier Nurizzo,et al.  The structural basis for catalysis and specificity of the Pseudomonas cellulosa alpha-glucuronidase, GlcA67A. , 2002, Structure.

[48]  Heinrich Sticht,et al.  A protein‐specifically adapted scoring function for the reranking of docking solutions , 2007, Proteins.

[49]  D S Goodsell,et al.  Automated docking of flexible ligands: Applications of autodock , 1996, Journal of molecular recognition : JMR.

[50]  Ernst Althaus,et al.  A combinatorial approach to protein docking with flexible side-chains , 2000, RECOMB '00.

[51]  Ricardo L. Mancera,et al.  Molecular modelling prediction of ligand binding site flexibility , 2004, J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des..

[52]  I. Kuntz,et al.  Molecular docking to ensembles of protein structures. , 1997, Journal of molecular biology.

[53]  J. S. Dixon,et al.  Evaluation of the CASP2 docking section , 1997, Proteins.