The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the human immune system

The adverse outcome of increased ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on human health is currently of concern. While many experiments have been carried out in rodent models, fewer have been designed to test the effects of UV exposure in human subjects. This review concentrates on the modulations induced in the human immune system by UV, and outlines changes in antigen presentation by Langerhans cells and macrophages, in the activities of natural killer cells and T cells, and in cytokine regulation. Precautionary measures which might be taken to help protect people against the immunosuppressive action of UV irradiation are considered.

[1]  J. Saurat,et al.  Autoantibodies from a patient with paraneoplastic pemphigus bind periplakin, a novel member of the plakin family. , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[2]  A. Chu,et al.  Immunologic protection afforded by sun screens. , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[3]  J. McGregor,et al.  A single exposure of solar simulated radiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity responses both locally and systemically in humans: quantitative studies with high-frequency ultrasound. , 1998, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[4]  L. Skov,et al.  Susceptibility to Effects of UVB Irradiation on Induction of Contact Sensitivity, Relevance of Number and Function of Langerhans Cells and Epidermal Macrophages , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[5]  M. D. de Rie,et al.  UVB radiation preferentially induces recruitment of memory CD4+ T cells in normal human skin: long-term effect after a single exposure. , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[6]  Crosby,et al.  Urocanic acid isomers in patients with basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma , 1998, The British journal of dermatology.

[7]  O. Smith.  Vaccination : Only skin deep , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[8]  J. Hunter,et al.  Differential expression of selenoproteins by human skin cells and protection by selenium from UVB-radiation-induced cell death. , 1998, The Biochemical journal.

[9]  B. Sutherland,et al.  UV‐DNA Damage in Mouse and Human Cells Induces the Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor α , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[10]  J. Masferrer,et al.  COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. , 1998, Carcinogenesis.

[11]  K. Cooper,et al.  Distinct cytokine use and production by T cells after activation by langerhans cells versus macrophages infiltrating UV-irradiated epidermis , 1998 .

[12]  G. Matyas,et al.  Skin immunization made possible by cholera toxin , 1998, Nature.

[13]  M. Kripke,et al.  Immunologic protection afforded by sunscreens beyond designated sun protection factors? , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[14]  Hansen,et al.  Contrasting effects of ultraviolet A1 and ultraviolet B exposure on the induction of tumour necrosis factor‐α in human skin , 1998, The British journal of dermatology.

[15]  J. Miyazaki,et al.  Reduced T helper 1 responses in IL-12 p40 transgenic mice. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[16]  F. Gasparro.  Photobiology 101. , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[17]  F. Claas,et al.  Differential effects of sunscreens on UVB-induced immunomodulation in humans. , 1997, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[18]  H. Tilg,et al.  IL-6 and APPs: anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators. , 1997, Immunology today.

[19]  F. Gruijl.  Health Effects from Solar UV Radiation , 1997 .

[20]  M. Picot,et al.  Immunosuppression induced by acute solar-simulated ultraviolet exposure in humans: prevention by a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 and high UVA protection. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[21]  G. Halliday,et al.  Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide greater protection against ultraviolet-radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity to a recall antigen in humans. , 1997, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[22]  H. Wulf,et al.  Urocanic acid isomers: relation to body site, pigmentation, stratum corneum thickness and photosensitivity , 1997, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[23]  F. Claas,et al.  In Situ Action Spectra Suggest that DNA Damage is Involved in Ultraviolet Radiation‐induced Immunosuppression in Humans , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[24]  H. Wulf,et al.  Seasonal Variation in Urocanic Acid Isomers in Human Skin , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[25]  A. Chu,et al.  Immunologic protection afforded by sunscreens in vitro. , 1997, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[26]  S. Kondo,et al.  Costimulation with ultraviolet B and interleukin-1 alpha dramatically increase tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human dermal fibroblasts. , 1997, Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research.

[27]  L. Rhodes,et al.  TNF-alpha and IL-8 are upregulated in the epidermis of normal human skin after UVB exposure: correlation with neutrophil accumulation and E-selectin expression. , 1997, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[28]  F. Claas,et al.  Differential Suppression of the Human Mixed Epidermal Cell Lymphocyte Reaction (MECLR) and Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) by Cis‐Urocanic Acid , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[29]  P. Pour,et al.  Inhibition of ultraviolet light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavonoid. , 1997, Anticancer research.

[30]  L. Skov,et al.  Contrasting effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B exposure on induction of contact sensitivity in human skin. , 1997, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[31]  M Kurimoto,et al.  IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF) is a costimulatory factor on the activation of Th1 but not Th2 cells and exerts its effect independently of IL-12. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[32]  B. Lighthart,et al.  Solar Radiation Is Shown to Select for Pigmented Bacteria in the Ambient Outdoor Atmosphere , 1997 .

[33]  R. de Waal Malefyt,et al.  In contrast to their murine counterparts, normal human keratinocytes and human epidermoid cell lines A431 and HaCaT fail to express IL‐10 mRNA and protein , 1997, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[34]  R. Agarwal,et al.  Ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA lesions in mouse epidermis: an assessment using a novel 32P-postlabelling technique. , 1996, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[35]  M. A. Rie,et al.  Solar‐simulated Ultraviolet Irradiation Induces Selective Influx of CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Normal Human Skin , 1996, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[36]  J. García-Foncillas,et al.  Effects of low concentrations of cis‐ and trans‐urocanic acid on cytokine elaboration by keratinocytes , 1996, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[37]  M. Pathak.  Sunscreens: Progress and Perspectives on Photoprotection of Human Skin against UVB and UVA Radiation , 1996, The Journal of dermatology.

[38]  J. Bos,et al.  Reduced IL-12 production by monocytes upon ultraviolet-B irradiation selectively limits activation of T helper-1 cells. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[39]  T. Tanimoto,et al.  Interferon‐γ‐inducing factor enhances T helper 1 cytokine production by stimulated human T cells: synergism with interleukin‐12 for interferon‐γ production , 1996 .

[40]  V. Deleo,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation B induces differentiation and protein kinase C in normal human epidermal keratinocytes , 1996, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[41]  H. Wulf,et al.  The sunscreening effect of urocanic acid , 1996, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[42]  J. Hunter,et al.  Lack of induction of IL-10 expression in human keratinocytes. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[43]  H. Asada,et al.  Interleukin-15 mRNA is expressed by human keratinocytes Langerhans cells, and blood-derived dendritic cells and is downregulated by ultraviolet B radiation. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[44]  T. Hirao,et al.  Elevation of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the stratum corneum of sun-exposed and ultraviolet B-irradiated human skin. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[45]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  Immunoregulation by interleukin‐12 , 1996, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[46]  T. Waldmann,et al.  IL-15: a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse receptor/signaling pathways whose expression is controlled at multiple levels. , 1996, Immunity.

[47]  M. Kripke,et al.  Chromophore for UV‐induced Immunosuppression: DNA , 1996, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[48]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  Neutralization of IL-12 in vivo prevents induction of contact hypersensitivity and induces hapten-specific tolerance. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[49]  L. Dubertret,et al.  UVA‐induced immune suppression in human skin: protective effect of vitamin E in human epidermal cells in vitro , 1996, The British journal of dermatology.

[50]  D. Alberts,et al.  Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. , 1996, Nutrition and cancer.

[51]  S. Stevens,et al.  Suppressor T cell-activating macrophages in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin induce a novel, TGF-beta-dependent form of T cell activation characterized by deficient IL-2r alpha expression. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[52]  K. Cooper,et al.  In human dermis, ultraviolet radiation induces expansion of a CD36+ CD11b+ CD1- macrophage subset by infiltration and proliferation; CD1+ Langerhans-like dendritic antigen-presenting cells are concomitantly depleted. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[53]  M. Mohamadzadeh,et al.  Ultraviolet B radiation up-regulates the expression of IL-15 in human skin. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[54]  C. Elmets,et al.  PROTECTION AGAINST ULTRAVIOLET‐B RADIATION‐INDUCED LOCAL and SYSTEMIC SUPPRESSION OF CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY and EDEMA RESPONSES IN C3H/HeN MICE BY GREEN TEA POLYPHENOLS , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[55]  M. Norval,et al.  Urocanic acid isomers in human skin: analysis of site variation , 1995, The British journal of dermatology.

[56]  W. Morison,et al.  Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in humans by a high sun protection factor sunscreen. , 1995, Archives of dermatology.

[57]  L. Rhodes,et al.  Dietary fish oil reduces basal and ultraviolet B-generated PGE2 levels in skin and increases the threshold to provocation of polymorphic light eruption. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[58]  K. Cooper,et al.  Differential extracellular signaling via Fc gamma R and FMLP in functionally distinct antigen-presenting cell subsets: ultraviolet-induced epidermal macrophages versus Langerhans cells. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[59]  J. Bos,et al.  Reduced antigen‐presenting function of human Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐B cells and monocytes after UVB radiation is accompanied by decreased expression of B7, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and LFA‐3 , 1995, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[60]  F. Claas,et al.  THE ACTION SPECTRA FOR UV‐INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF MLR and MECLR SHOW THAT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY DNA DAMAGE , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[61]  D. Schmitt,et al.  In vitro effects of ultraviolet B radiation on human Langerhans cell antigen-presenting function. , 1995, Cellular immunology.

[62]  N. Gibbs,et al.  Immunomodulation at the initiation of phototherapy and photochemotherapy , 1995, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[63]  N. Gibbs,et al.  THE ROLE OF UROCANIC ACID IN UV‐INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: RECENT ADVANCES (1992–1994) , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[64]  F. D. de Gruijl,et al.  UV‐induced skin cancer in a hairless mouse model , 1995, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[65]  L. Walsh.  Ultraviolet B irradiation of skin induces mast cell degranulation and release of tumour necrosis factor‐α , 1995, Immunology and cell biology.

[66]  E. Corsini,et al.  In vitro mechanism(s) of ultraviolet‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α release in a human keratinocyte cell line , 1995, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[67]  M. A. Rie,et al.  Photoisomerization spectrum of urocanic acid in human skin and in vitro: effects of simulated solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation , 1995, The British journal of dermatology.

[68]  Y. Aragane,et al.  Ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes: evidence for partial involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the formation of sunburn cells. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[69]  L. Owen-Schaub,et al.  Effect of IL-12 on immune suppression and suppressor cell induction by ultraviolet radiation. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[70]  C. Potten,et al.  The detection of cyclobutane thymine dimers, (6-4) photolesions and the Dewar photoisomers in sections of UV-irradiated human skin using specific antibodies, and the demonstration of depth penetration effects. , 1995, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[71]  R. Cope,et al.  Pyridoxine supplementation protects mice from suppression of contact hypersensitivity induced by 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI), ultraviolet B radiation (280-320 nm), or cis-urocanic acid. , 1995, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[72]  P. Hart,et al.  Cis‐UROCANIC ACID SYNERGIZES WITH HISTAMINE FOR INCREASED PGE2 PRODUCTION BY HUMAN KERATINOCYTES: LINK TO INDOMETHACIN‐INHIBITABLE UVB‐INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[73]  J. Frederick,et al.  SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND THE RISK OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE: SUMMARY OF A WORKSHOP * † , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[74]  F. Liew,et al.  Chemoattraction of human blood T lymphocytes by interleukin-15 , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[75]  J. Taylor,et al.  Suppressive and enhancing effects of ultraviolet B radiation on expression of contact hypersensitivity in man. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[76]  J. Krutmann,et al.  Interleukin-10 production by cultured human keratinocytes: regulation by ultraviolet B and ultraviolet A1 radiation. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[77]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  IL-12 is expressed and released by human keratinocytes and epidermoid carcinoma cell lines. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[78]  S. Ullrich,et al.  The role of IL‐4, IL‐10, and TNF‐α in the immune suppression induced by ultraviolet radiation , 1994 .

[79]  K. Cooper,et al.  CD11b+ macrophages that infiltrate human epidermis after in vivo ultraviolet exposure potently produce IL-10 and represent the major secretory source of epidermal IL-10 protein. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[80]  A. Enk,et al.  Identification and induction of human keratinocyte-derived IL-12. , 1994, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[81]  M. Caligiuri,et al.  Interleukin (IL) 15 is a novel cytokine that activates human natural killer cells via components of the IL-2 receptor , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[82]  T. Ruzicka,et al.  Lack of induction of IL-10 in human keratinocytes by inflammatory cytokines and UVB , 1994 .

[83]  T. Ruzicka,et al.  IL-6 is a potent inducer of IL-13 mRNA in normal human keratinocytes , 1994 .

[84]  D. Moyal,et al.  SUNSCREENS WITH BROAD‐SPECTRUM ABSORPTION DECREASE THE trans TO cis PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF UROCANIC ACID IN THE HUMAN stratum corneum AFTER MULTIPLE UV LIGHT EXPOSURES , 1994, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[85]  L. Rhodes,et al.  Dietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidation. , 1994, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[86]  J. Haycock,et al.  Fluorescent light activates the immunomodulator cis-urocanic acid in vitro: implications for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. , 1994, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[87]  T. Waldmann,et al.  A lymphokine, provisionally designated interleukin T and produced by a human adult T-cell leukemia line, stimulates T-cell proliferation and the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[88]  T. Waldmann,et al.  The interleukin (IL) 2 receptor beta chain is shared by IL-2 and a cytokine, provisionally designated IL-T, that stimulates T-cell proliferation and the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[89]  V. Fung,et al.  Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. , 1994, Science.

[90]  F. Calzetti,et al.  Interleukin 10 (IL-10) upregulates IL-1 receptor antagonist production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by delaying mRNA degradation , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[91]  A. Mulder,et al.  Long‐term ultraviolet B‐induced impairment of Langerhans cell function: an immunoelectron microscopic study , 1994, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[92]  K. Wiktorowicz,et al.  [Biological properties of interleukin 10]. , 1994, Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej.

[93]  J. Bos,et al.  Effect of low‐dose ultraviolet‐B radiation on the function of human T lymphocytes in vitro , 1993, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[94]  M. Norval,et al.  Effect of phototherapy and urocanic acid isomers on natural killer cell function. , 1993, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[95]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  Interleukin-12 and its role in the generation of TH1 cells. , 1993, Immunology today.

[96]  T. Luger,et al.  The 55-kD tumor necrosis factor receptor on human keratinocytes is regulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and by ultraviolet B radiation. , 1993, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[97]  M. Norval,et al.  The effect of UV therapy on immune function in patients with psoriasis , 1993, The British journal of dermatology.

[98]  H. Ikeda,et al.  Ultraviolet Irradiation Inhibits Killer‐Target Cell Interaction , 1993, Vox sanguinis.

[99]  J. Young,et al.  High-dose UV-B radiation alters human dendritic cell costimulatory activity but does not allow dendritic cells to tolerize T lymphocytes to alloantigen in vitro. , 1993, Blood.

[100]  K. Jones,et al.  Cis-urocanic acid stimulates human peripheral blood monocyte prostaglandin E2 production and suppresses indirectly tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. , 1993, Journal of immunology.

[101]  S. Grabbe,et al.  Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide , 1993, Nature.

[102]  P. Hersey,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF AN in vitro SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION‐INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY , 1993, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[103]  S. Ullrich,et al.  Systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by supernatants from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. An essential role for keratinocyte-derived IL-10. , 1992, Journal of immunology.

[104]  D. Roe,et al.  Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in normal young men. , 1992, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[105]  T. Hamilton,et al.  UV exposure reduces immunization rates and promotes tolerance to epicutaneous antigens in humans: relationship to dose, CD1a-DR+ epidermal macrophage induction, and Langerhans cell depletion. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  M. Kripke,et al.  Pyrimidine dimers in DNA initiate systemic immunosuppression in UV-irradiated mice. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[107]  A. Enk,et al.  Identification and induction of keratinocyte-derived IL-10. , 1992, Journal of immunology.

[108]  B. Ke,et al.  The effect of topical L-selenomethionine on minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet irradiation in humans. , 1992 .

[109]  W. Henke,et al.  Inhibition of skin allograft rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease by cis-urocanic acid. , 1992, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[110]  E. Middleton,et al.  Effects of flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell functions. , 1992, Biochemical pharmacology.

[111]  I. Kimber,et al.  Dermal tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes, and possibly provides one stimulus for Langerhans' cell migration. , 1992, Immunology.

[112]  G. Combs,et al.  The effect of topical L-selenomethionine on minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet irradiation in humans. , 1992, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[113]  J. V. D. van den Berg,et al.  Effects of ultraviolet B light on cutaneous immune responses of humans with deeply pigmented skin. , 1991, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[114]  P. Norris,et al.  The expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in experimental cutaneous inflammation: a comparison of ultraviolet B erythema and delayed hypersensitivity. , 1991, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[115]  R. Baan,et al.  Detection of photorepair of UV-induced thymine dimers in human epidermis by immunofluorescence microscopy. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[116]  J. V. D. van den Berg,et al.  Susceptibility to effects of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[117]  T. Luger,et al.  Ultraviolet light induces increased circulating interleukin-6 in humans. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[118]  A. Kharazmi,et al.  Indometacin In Vitro and In Vivo Abolishes Post-Exercise Suppression of Natural Killer Cell Activity in Peripheral Blood , 1990, International journal of sports medicine.

[119]  A. Pentland,et al.  Keratinocyte prostaglandin synthesis is enhanced by IL-1. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[120]  J. Babbitt,et al.  Prostaglandin E2, monocyte adherence and interleukin-1 in the regulation of human natural killer cell activity by monocytes. , 1990, Natural immunity and cell growth regulation.

[121]  M. Norval,et al.  UROCANIC ACID AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION , 1989, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[122]  P. Friedmann,et al.  Antigenic stimulation during ultraviolet therapy in man does not result in immunological tolerance. , 1989, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[123]  H. Deeg,et al.  Ultraviolet B light inactivates bone marrow T lymphocytes but spares hematopoietic precursor cells. , 1989, Blood.

[124]  U. Reinhold,et al.  Serum selenium levels in patients with malignant melanoma. , 1989, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[125]  J. Frederick,et al.  Ultraviolet Radiation Levels During the Antarctic Spring , 1988, Science.

[126]  A. Scheibner,et al.  Ultrastructural changes in epidermal Langerhans cells and melanocytes in response to ultraviolet irradiation, in Australians of Aboriginal and Celtic descent , 1988, The British journal of dermatology.

[127]  R. Kerr.  Stratospheric Ozone Is Decreasing: A massive reanalysis of measurements confirms that protective stratospheric ozone has decreased during the past 17 years; some decreases greatly exceed predictions. , 1988, Science.

[128]  K. Bendtzen,et al.  Immunohistological detection of interleukin 1‐like molecules and tumour necrosis factor in human epidermis before and after UVB‐irradiation in vivo , 1988, The British journal of dermatology.

[129]  I. Chou,et al.  Environmental wavelengths of ultraviolet light induce cytoskeletal damage. , 1987, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[130]  P. Hersey,et al.  Analysis of the effect of a sunscreen agent on the suppression of natural killer cell activity induced in human subjects by radiation from solarium lamps. , 1987, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[131]  W. Willett,et al.  The epidemiology of selenium and cancer. , 1987, Cancer surveys.

[132]  K. Toda,et al.  UVB/PUVA-induced suppression of human natural killer activity is reduced by superoxide dismutase and/or interleukin 2 in vitro. , 1986, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[133]  P. Sjövall,et al.  Local and systemic effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UVB and UVA) on human allergic contact dermatitis. , 1986, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[134]  O. Larkö,et al.  Sunscreen application and its importance for the sun protection factor. , 1985, Archives of dermatology.

[135]  L. Braathen,et al.  Effect of UVB on Alloactivating and Antigen Presenting Capacity of Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells , 1985, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

[136]  K. Cooper,et al.  Effects of ultraviolet radiation on human epidermal cell alloantigen presentation: initial depression of Langerhans cell-dependent function is followed by the appearance of T6- Dr+ cells that enhance epidermal alloantigen presentation. , 1985, Journal of immunology.

[137]  B. Bonavida,et al.  Mechanism of inhibition of human natural killer activity by ultraviolet radiation. , 1984, Journal of immunology.

[138]  P. Hersey,et al.  Alteration of T cell subsets and induction of suppressor T cell activity in normal subjects after exposure to sunlight. , 1983, Journal of immunology.

[139]  F. Noonan,et al.  Mechanism of immune suppression by ultraviolet irradiation in vivo. I. Evidence for the existence of a unique photoreceptor in skin and its role in photoimmunology , 1983, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[140]  M. Lederman,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation inhibits human natural killer activity and lymphocyte proliferation. , 1983, Journal of immunology.

[141]  J. Austad,et al.  Short-wave ultraviolet light (UVB) treatment of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands. , 1983, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[142]  P. Friedmann,et al.  Disappearance of epidermal Langerhans cells during PUVA therapy , 1981, The British journal of dermatology.

[143]  B. Sutherland,et al.  Pyrimidine dimer formation and repair in human skin. , 1980, Cancer research.