Domains for adverbs

Speaker oriented adverbs are argued to be excluded from downwards entailing envi-ronments, i.e. they are argued to be positive polarity items. This behavior is derived by analyzing them as domain shrinking possible world quantifiers (see Kadman and Landman [Ling. and Philos. 16 (1993) 353] on negative polarity and domain expansion). It is argued that this analysis derives the major distributional properties of these adverbs. Particular attention is given to the adverb possibly.

[1]  William Harper,et al.  Ramsey Test Conditionals and Iterated Belief Change (A Response to Stalnaker) , 1976 .

[2]  T. Ernst The Syntax of Adjuncts , 2002 .

[3]  Dag Westerstaåhl,et al.  Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages , 1989 .

[4]  Guglielmo Cinque,et al.  Issues in adverbial syntax , 2004 .

[5]  Olga Borik,et al.  Aspect and reference time , 2002 .

[6]  Elena Anagnostopoulou,et al.  Observations about the form and meaning of the Perfect , 2003 .

[7]  Noam Chomsky Derivation by phase , 1999 .

[8]  David I. Beaver,et al.  Always and Only: Why Not All Focus-Sensitive Operators Are Alike , 2003 .

[9]  Jeroen Groenendijk,et al.  On the semantics of questions and the pragmatics of answers , 1984 .

[10]  R. Bernardi Reasoning with Polarity in Categorial Type Logic , 2002 .

[11]  David R. Dowty Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in M , 1979 .

[12]  Peter Svenonius,et al.  Subjects, Expletives, and the EPP , 2002 .

[13]  R. van Rooij Negative Polarity Items in Questions: Strength as Relevance , 2003 .

[14]  Peter Svenonius,et al.  Subject Positions and the Placement of Adverbials , 2001 .

[15]  Angelika Kratzer,et al.  What ‘must’ and ‘can’ must and can mean , 1977 .

[16]  Anna Szabolcsi,et al.  Positive Polarity – Negative Polarity , 2004 .

[17]  J. Groenendijk,et al.  Coreference and modality , 1996 .

[18]  S Carlota,et al.  Dowty, David. 1979. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague's PTQ. Dordrecht: Reidel. , 2005 .

[19]  Anna Szabolcsi,et al.  Hungarian Disjunctions and Positive Polarity , 2002 .

[20]  G. Cinque Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective , 1999 .

[21]  M. J. Cresswell,et al.  The grammar of adverbials , 1976 .

[22]  Frank Vlach Temporal adverbials, tenses and the perfect , 1993 .

[23]  Robert van Rooy,et al.  Negative Polarity Items in Questions: Strength as Relevance , 2003, J. Semant..

[24]  Columbus,et al.  The Semantics and Pragmatics of Polarity , 2022 .

[25]  Jean-Yves Pollock Verb movement, universal grammar and the structure of IP , 1989 .

[26]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  वाक्यविन्यास का सैद्धान्तिक पक्ष = Aspects of the theory of syntax , 1965 .

[27]  Jonathan Bobaliik Adverbs:The Hierarchy Paradox. , 1999 .

[28]  A. Giannakidou The Landscape of Polarity Items , 1997 .

[29]  F. Zwarts Three Types of Polarity , 1997 .

[30]  K. Hale,et al.  Ken Hale: A Life in Language , 2001 .

[31]  C. Hooker,et al.  Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science , 1976 .

[32]  Dov M. Gabbay,et al.  Handbook of Philosophical Logic , 2002 .

[33]  Frans Zwarts Plurality and Quantification , 1997 .

[34]  James Pustejovsky,et al.  Events as grammatical objects , 2000 .

[35]  Marcia C. Linebarger,et al.  Negative polarity and grammatical representation , 1987 .

[36]  T. V. Wouden Negative Contexts: Collocation, Polarity and Multiple Negation , 1997 .

[37]  David R. Dowty The Dual Analysis of Adjuncts/Complements in Categorial Grammar , 2000 .

[38]  Utpal Lahiri Focus and Negative Polarity in Hindi , 1998 .

[39]  Anna Szabolcsi Ways of Scope Taking , 1997 .

[40]  Sebastian Löbner,et al.  Why German Schon and Noch are Still Duals: a Reply to van der Auwera , 1999 .

[41]  Linguistik Aktuell,et al.  Artemis Alexiadou , Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax ( , 2001 .