Hacking CD/DVD/Blu-ray for Biosensing

The optical pickup unit (OPU) within a CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive integrates 780, 650, and 405 nm wavelength lasers, diffraction-limited optics, a high-bandwidth optoelectronic transducer up to 400 MHz, and a nanoresolution x-, z-axis, and tilt actuator in a compact size. In addition, the OPU is a remarkable piece of engineering and could enable different scientific applications such as sub-angstrom displacement sensing, micro- and nanoimaging, and nanolithography. Although off-the-shelf OPUs can be easily obtained, manufacturers protect their datasheets under nondisclosure agreements to impede their availability to the public. Thus, OPUs are black boxes that few people can use for research, and only experienced researchers can access all their functions. This review details the OPU mechanism and components. In addition, we explain how to utilize three commercially available triple-wavelength OPUs from scratch and optimize sensing quality. Then, we discuss scientific research using OPUs, from standard optical drive-based turnkey-biomarker array reading and OPU direct bioapplications (cytometry, optical tweezing, bioimaging) to modified OPU-based biosensing (DNA chip fluorescence scanning, biomolecular diagnostics). We conclude by presenting future trends on optical storage devices and potential applications. Hacking low-cost and high-performance OPUs may spread micro- and nanoscale biosensing research from research laboratories to citizen scientists around the globe.

[1]  E. Hwu,et al.  Operation of astigmatic-detection atomic force microscopy in liquid environments. , 2013, The Review of scientific instruments.

[2]  Subash C. B. Gopinath,et al.  Toward Biological Diagnosis System Based on Digital Versatile Disc Technology , 2007 .

[3]  Cheng-Hsien Wu,et al.  Injection molding and injection compression molding of three-beam grating of DVD pickup lens , 2006 .

[4]  T. Shimomura,et al.  DVD Optical-Head with Fluorescent Detection , 2006, 2006 Optical Data Storage Topical Meeting.

[5]  Cheryl Surman,et al.  Theory and practice of ubiquitous quantitative chemical analysis using conventional computer optical disk drives. , 2007, Applied optics.

[6]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  Simultaneous detection of translational and angular displacements of micromachined elements , 2007 .

[7]  C. Eggleton,et al.  Single-cell isolation using a DVD optical pickup , 2011, Optics express.

[8]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. , 2000, Science.

[9]  Ching-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Quantification of rolling circle amplified DNA using magnetic nanobeads and a Blu-ray optical pick-up unit. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[10]  Xiaochun Li,et al.  Inkjet-printed bioassays for direct reading with a multimode DVD/Blu-Ray optical drive. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  Xiaochun Li,et al.  Digitized molecular detection on off-the-shelf Blu-ray discs: Upgraded resolution and enhanced sensitivity , 2017 .

[12]  Heng-Shou Hsu,et al.  A high frequency and amplitude modulated CMOS laser diode driver for low noise readout applications , 2015 .

[13]  Junji Tominaga,et al.  A BioDVD media with multilayered structure is suitable for analyzing biomolecular interactions. , 2011, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[14]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  Optical imaging module for astigmatic detection system. , 2016, The Review of scientific instruments.

[15]  C. Fan,et al.  Biophysical Analysis of Astrocytes Apoptosis Triggered by Larval E/S Antigen from Cerebral Toxocarosis-Causing Pathogen Toxocara canis , 2013, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[16]  Nur-E.-Habiba,et al.  New Evidence for the Mechanism of Action of a Type-2 Diabetes Drug Using a Magnetic Bead-Based Automated Biosensing Platform , 2017, ACS sensors.

[17]  Pierre Puget,et al.  A new generation of scanners for DNA chips. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  Real-time detection of linear and angular displacements with a modified DVD optical head , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[19]  Xiaochun Li,et al.  Blu-ray Technology-Based Quantitative Assays for Cardiac Markers: From Disc Activation to Multiplex Detection. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  Computer-readable DNAzyme assay on disc for ppb-level lead detection. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  Measurement of Cantilever Displacement Using a Compact Disk/Digital Versatile Disk Pickup Head , 2006 .

[23]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  Reading disc-based bioassays with standard computer drives. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[24]  H. Zanthoff.  magnetic nanoparticle , 2020, Catalysis from A to Z.

[25]  Seung-Yop Lee,et al.  A new DNA chip detection mechanism using optical pick-up actuators , 2007 .

[26]  Gilbert D. Feke,et al.  Realization of numerical aperture 2.0 using a gallium phosphide solid immersion lens , 1999 .

[27]  High resolution, low cost laser lithography using a Blu-ray optical head assembly , 2012 .

[28]  Ching-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Lab-on-Blu-ray: Low-cost analyte detection on a disk , 2014 .

[29]  Ching-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Nanomechanical recognition of prognostic biomarker suPAR with DVD-ROM optical technology , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[30]  Xiaochun Li,et al.  DVD technology-based molecular diagnosis platform: quantitative pregnancy test on a disc. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[31]  Martina Werner,et al.  New disc-based technologies for diagnostic and research applications. , 2002, Psychiatric genetics.

[32]  Bruce D. Hammock,et al.  Disc-based immunoassay microarrays , 2000 .

[33]  S. van de Linde,et al.  Light-induced cell damage in live-cell super-resolution microscopy , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[34]  Anja Boisen,et al.  Quantification of NS1 dengue biomarker in serum via optomagnetic nanocluster detection , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[35]  Jared P. Stephens,et al.  Comparative analysis of different laser systems to study cellular responses to DNA damage in mammalian cells , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[36]  Ching-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Compact MEMS/NEMS characterization platform using a DVD optical pick-up unit with optical imaging function , 2013 .

[37]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  Optical disc technology-enabled analytical devices: from hardware modification to digitized molecular detection. , 2016, The Analyst.

[38]  C H Chen,et al.  Micromechanical PDGF recognition via lab-on-a-disc aptasensor arrays. , 2013, Sensors and actuators. A, Physical.

[39]  Anja Boisen,et al.  Lab-on-a-disc agglutination assay for protein detection by optomagnetic readout and optical imaging using nano- and micro-sized magnetic beads. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[40]  K. Mori,et al.  Development of Optical Pickup for Digital Versatile Disc Using Two-Wavelength-Integrated Laser Diode , 2000 .

[41]  G. V. Rosmalen,et al.  Confocal compact scanning optical microscope based on compact disc technology. , 1991, Applied optics.

[42]  Detection of Single Biological Cells using a DVD Pickup Head , 2007, TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference.

[43]  Javier Carrascosa,et al.  Microimmunoanalysis on standard compact discs to determine low abundant compounds. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  Martynas Beresna,et al.  Seemingly unlimited lifetime data storage in nanostructured glass. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[45]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  High throughput label-free platform for statistical bio-molecular sensing. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[46]  Ángel Maquieira,et al.  Analytical prospect of compact disk technology in immunosensing , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[47]  A. Kasukurti,et al.  A simple microfluidic dispenser for single-microparticle and cell samples. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[48]  Anja Boisen,et al.  Scalable DNA-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Agglutination Assay for Bacterial Detection in Patient Samples. , 2015, ACS nano.

[49]  Maria Strømme,et al.  Novel readout method for molecular diagnostic assays based on optical measurements of magnetic nanobead dynamics. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  Detection and Quantitation of Heavy Metal Ions on Bona Fide DVDs Using DNA Molecular Beacon Probes. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  DVD diagnostic software for reading disc-based bioassays, a comparative study , 2014 .

[52]  Lee Josephson,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticle Sensors , 2009, Sensors.

[53]  En-Te Hwu,et al.  A Crowdsourcing-based Air Pollution Measurement System Using DIY Atomic Force Microscopes , 2016, Hum. Comput..

[54]  Michael J. Vellekoop,et al.  Cell analysis in a microfluidic cytometer applying a DVD pickup head , 2008 .

[55]  Hua-Zhong Yu,et al.  Indirect competitive assays on DVD for direct multiplex detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluids. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[56]  Günter Roth,et al.  Measuring biomolecular binding events with a compact disc player device. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[57]  A. Boisen,et al.  Blu-Ray-based micromechanical characterization platform for biopolymer degradation assessment , 2017 .

[58]  Michael J. Vellekoop,et al.  Microsystems for Optical Cell Detection: Near versus Far Field , 2008 .

[59]  F. Schwemmer,et al.  Centrifugal microfluidic platforms: advanced unit operations and applications. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[60]  Ing-Shouh Hwang,et al.  Statistical analysis of DNT detection using chemically functionalized microcantilever arrays , 2012 .

[61]  Chih-Ming Cheng,et al.  Position-addressable digital laser scanning point fluorescence microscopy with a Blu-ray disk pickup head. , 2014, Biomedical optics express.

[62]  Mary Amasia,et al.  Lab-on-DVD: standard DVD drives as a novel laser scanning microscope for image based point of care diagnostics. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[63]  Radislav A Potyrailo,et al.  Analog signal acquisition from computer optical disk drives for quantitative chemical sensing. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[64]  Seong-Gab Jeong,et al.  DNA microarray scanner with a DVD pick-up head , 2008 .

[65]  Luis A Tortajada-Genaro,et al.  Multiplexed microimmunoassays on a digital versatile disk. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[66]  María-José Bañuls,et al.  PMMA isocyanate-modified digital discs as a support for oligonucleotide-based assays. , 2007, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[67]  Ching-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Blu-ray based optomagnetic aptasensor for detection of small molecules. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[68]  Hung-Chih Chiang,et al.  Cell depth imaging by point laser scanning fluorescence microscopy with an optical disk pickup head , 2015 .

[69]  Albert van den Berg,et al.  A low-cost 2D fluorescence detection system for μm sized beads on-chip. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[70]  Seung-Yop Lee,et al.  Optical detection of nanoparticle-enhanced human papillomavirus genotyping microarrays , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[71]  T. Shimomura,et al.  Development of a compact optical system for microarray scanning using a DVD pickup head. , 2008, The Review of scientific instruments.

[72]  Low-voltage and high-performance buzzer-scanner based streamlined atomic force microscope system. , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[73]  H. Rothuizen,et al.  Translating biomolecular recognition into nanomechanics. , 2000, Science.

[74]  Hsien-Shun Liao,et al.  An Astigmatic Detection System for Polymeric Cantilever-Based Sensors , 2012, J. Sensors.

[75]  Hsing-Cheng Yu,et al.  A Novel Optical Scanner Based on Blue-ray DVD Pick-up Head for Analysis of Multifunctional Bio-information , 2011 .

[76]  R. Zengerle,et al.  Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[77]  James J La Clair,et al.  Molecular screening on a compact disc. , 2003, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[78]  M. Usami,et al.  High-Performance Hard Coat for Cartridge-Free Blu-ray Disc , 2003 .

[79]  A. Boisen,et al.  High-performance spinning device for DVD-based micromechanical signal transduction , 2013 .

[80]  Gang Logan Liu,et al.  Microparticle and cell counting with digital microfluidic compact disc using standard CD drive. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[82]  Anja Boisen,et al.  Self-aligned cantilever positioning for on-substrate measurements using DVD pickup head , 2010 .