Nonlinear and Threshold Effects Related to Neighborhood: Implications for Planning and Policy

Nonlinear and threshold relationships are commonly manifested in neighborhoods, both relating to effects of neighborhoods on residents and causes of neighborhood changes arising from individual mobility and housing investment decisions. These relationships are generated by amalgam of often reinforcing processes related to socialization, gaming, tolerance, contagion, and tolerance. The existence of nonlinear and threshold effects holds powerful implications for planners. Scarce public investment resources must be spatially concentrated, so that they exceed property owners’ reinvestment thresholds. Poverty deconcentration strategies must seek to replace neighborhoods exceeding 40 percent poverty rates with those that have low (less than 15 percent) poverty rates.

[1]  W. Brock,et al.  Interactions-Based Models , 2000 .

[2]  Anna Maria Santiago,et al.  Adrift at the Margins of Urban Society , 2015 .

[3]  Roland Soong,et al.  Threshold Models of Diversity: Chinese Restaurants, Residential Segregation, and the Spiral of Silence , 1988 .

[4]  Thomas C. Schelling,et al.  Dynamic models of segregation , 1971 .

[5]  Susan J. Popkin,et al.  Housing Choice Voucher Holders and Neighborhood Crime , 2016 .

[6]  Michael P. Johnson.  Tenant-based subsidized housing location planning under uncertainty , 2001 .

[7]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Converging Evidence for Neighborhood Effects on Children's Test Scores: An Experimental, Quasi-experimental, and Observational Comparison* , 2010 .

[8]  Ann Owens,et al.  How Do People-Based Housing Policies Affect People (and Place)? , 2015 .

[9]  EVA ANDERSSON,et al.  CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN INDIVIDUALIZED NEIGHBORHOODS; DIFFERENCES ACROSS GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS , 2014 .

[10]  Richard P. Taub,et al.  Paths of neighborhood change , 1984 .

[11]  Anna Maria Santiago,et al.  What’s the ’Hood Got to Do with It? Parental Perceptions about How Neighborhood Mechanisms Affect Their Children , 2006 .

[12]  Nandinee K. Kutty,et al.  Neighborhood Segregation, Personal Networks, and Access to Social Resources , 2008 .

[13]  Ingrid Gould Ellen,et al.  Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration , 2001 .

[14]  Thomas P. Vartanian,et al.  Adolescent Neighborhood Effects on Labor Market and Economic Outcomes , 1999, Social Service Review.

[15]  Yannis M. Ioannides,et al.  Interaction, Neighborhood Selection and Housing Demand , 2002 .

[16]  M. Nguyen.  Does Affordable Housing Detrimentally Affect Property Values? A Review of the Literature , 2005 .

[17]  Geoffrey Meen.  Local Housing Markets and Segregation in England , 2005 .

[18]  Bob Bernotas.  The Department of Housing and Urban Development , 1991 .

[19]  Dale E. Thomson.  Strategic, Geographic Targeting of Housing and Community Development Resources , 2008 .

[20]  Michael P. Johnson.  Planning Models for the Provision of Affordable Housing , 2007 .

[21]  Michael P. Johnson.  Single-Period Location Models for Subsidized Housing: Project-Based Subsidies , 2006 .

[22]  Anna Maria Santiago,et al.  Assessing the property value impacts of the dispersed subsidy housing program in Denver , 2001 .

[23]  Susan J. Popkin,et al.  Public Housing Transformation and Crime: Making the Case for Responsible Relocation , 2012 .

[24]  Kwok Tong Soo,et al.  Zipf's Law and Urban Growth in Malaysia , 2007 .

[25]  Robin Jacob,et al.  Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program , 2003 .

[26]  P. Sharkey,et al.  Where, When, Why, and For Whom Do Residential Contexts Matter? Moving Away from the Dichotomous Understanding of Neighborhood Effects , 2014 .

[27]  Kyle Crowder,et al.  The Racial Context of White Mobility: An Individual-Level Assessment of the White Flight Hypothesis , 2000 .

[28]  Thomas L. McNulty,et al.  ASSESSING THE RACE-VIOLENCE RELATIONSHIP AT THE MACRO LEVEL: THE ASSUMPTION OF RACIAL INVARIANCE AND THE PROBLEM OF RESTRICTED DISTRIBUTIONS* , 2001 .

[29]  Lei Ding,et al.  Information Externalities and Residential Mortgage Lending in the Hardest Hit Housing Market: The Case of Detroit , 2014 .

[30]  George Galster,et al.  The impact of neighbors who use section 8 certificates on property values , 1999 .

[31]  Jeffrey M. Keisler,et al.  Decision Science for Housing and Community Development: Localized and Evidence‐Based Responses to Distressed Housing and Blighted Communities: Wiley interview , 2015 .

[32]  Kevin M. Murphy,et al.  Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth? , 1993 .

[33]  Robin E. Smith.  Assessing Property Value Impacts of Dispersed Housing Subsidy Programs: Management and Work Plan , 1996 .

[34]  George Galster,et al.  White Flight from Racially Integrated Neighbourhoods in the 1970s: the Cleveland Experience , 1990 .

[35]  Michael W. Streed.  When, Where, Why, and How? , 2017 .

[36]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Divergent Pathways of Gentrification , 2014 .

[37]  Raj Chetty,et al.  The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment , 2015, The American economic review.

[38]  Susan Clampet-Lundquist,et al.  Moving Teenagers Out of High-Risk Neighborhoods: How Girls Fare Better than Boys , 2011, American Journal of Sociology.

[39]  Roger Andersson,et al.  Temporal dimensions and measurement of neighbourhood effects , 2011 .

[40]  Eleanor P. Wolf,et al.  The Tipping-Point in Racially Changing Neighborhoods , 1963 .

[41]  Greg J. Duncan,et al.  The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Youth Outcomes , 2012 .

[42]  G. Galster,et al.  Making our neighborhoods, making our selves , 2019, Urban Geography.

[43]  John M. Goering,et al.  Neighborhood Tipping and Racial Transition: A Review of Social Science Evidence , 1978 .

[44]  Hye-Sung Han,et al.  Exploring Threshold Effects in the Impact of Housing Abandonment on Nearby Property Values , 2019 .

[45]  Aaron Golub,et al.  A multiobjective optimization model for locating affordable housing investments while maximizing accessibility to jobs by public transportation , 2019 .

[46]  George Galster,et al.  Do Neighborhoods Matter , 2009 .

[47]  Michael P. Johnson,et al.  Single-Period Location Models for Subsidized Housing: Tenant-Based Subsidies , 2003, Ann. Oper. Res..

[48]  George Galster,et al.  Identifying neighborhood thresholds: An empirical exploration , 2000 .

[49]  Roger Andersson,et al.  Who Is Affected by Neighbourhood Income Mix? Gender, Age, Family, Employment and Income Differences , 2010 .

[50]  Ingrid Gould Ellen.  Comment on ‘The Effects of Affordable and Multifamily Housing on Market Values of Nearby Homes' , 2004 .

[51]  T. Schelling.  Micromotives and Macrobehavior , 1978 .

[52]  John R. Hipp,et al.  Ghettos, thresholds, and crime: Does concentrated poverty really have an accelerating increasing effect on crime? , 2011 .

[53]  Anna Maria Santiago,et al.  Neighborhood effects on secondary school performance of Latino and African American youth: Evidence from a natural experiment in Denver , 2016 .

[54]  George Galster,et al.  Nonlinear and Threshold Aspects of Neighborhood Effects , 2014 .

[55]  R. N. Turley,et al.  When do neighborhoods matter? The role of race and neighborhood peers ☆ , 2003 .

[56]  Lincoln Quillian,et al.  Race, Class, and Location in Neighborhood Migration: A Multidimensional Analysis of Locational Attainment* , 2014 .

[57]  Bruce A. Weinberg,et al.  Do Neighborhoods Affect Work Behavior? Evidence from the NLSY79 , 2000 .

[58]  Lance Hannon,et al.  CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POVERTY AND PROPERTY CRIME , 2002 .

[59]  David Card,et al.  Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation , 2007 .

[60]  G. Galster,et al.  Are Neighbourhoods Self-stabilising? Exploring Endogenous Dynamics , 2007 .

[61]  K. Pooley.  Using Community Development Block Grant Dollars to Revitalize Neighborhoods: The Impact of Program Spending in Philadelphia , 2014 .

[62]  Reinout Kleinhans,et al.  Social implications of housing diversification in urban renewal: A review of recent literature , 2004 .

[63]  Janet L. Lauritsen,et al.  PUTTING VIOLENCE IN ITS PLACE: THE INFLUENCE OF RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND PLACE ON THE RISK FOR VIOLENCE* , 2001 .

[64]  W. Wilson.  The Truly Disadvantaged , 1987 .

[65]  G. Galster,et al.  Targeting Investments for Neighborhood Revitalization , 2006 .

[66]  Shakil Bin Kashem,et al.  Spatially concentrated renovation activity and housing appreciation in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin , 2017 .

[67]  Bruce A. Weinberg,et al.  Do Neighborhoods Affect Hours Worked? Evidence from Longitudinal Data , 2004, Journal of Labor Economics.

[68]  L. Chase-Lansdale,et al.  Neighborhood and family influences on the intellectual and behavioral competence of preschool and early school-age children: Context and consequences for children , 1997 .

[69]  Keri-Nicole Dillman,et al.  The What, Where, and When of Place-Based Housing Policy’s Neighborhood Effects , 2015 .

[70]  Vicki Been,et al.  Neighborhood Effects of Concentrated Mortgage Foreclosures , 2008 .

[71]  Lauren J. Krivo,et al.  Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime , 1996 .

[72]  J. Crane.  The Epidemic Theory of Ghettos and Neighborhood Effects on Dropping Out and Teenage Childbearing , 1991, American Journal of Sociology.

[73]  Peter Knapp,et al.  REASSESSING NONLINEARITY IN THE URBAN DISADVANTAGE/VIOLENT CRIME RELATIONSHIP: AN EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGICAL BIAS FROM LOG TRANSFORMATION* , 2003 .

[74]  C. Flippen,et al.  Unequal Returns to Housing Investments? A Study of Real Housing Appreciation among Black, White, and Hispanic Households , 2004 .

[75]  Dale E. Thomson.  Strategic Geographic Targeting in Community Development: Examining the Congruence of Political, Institutional, and Technical Factors , 2011 .

[76]  Mark S. Granovetter.  Threshold Models of Collective Behavior , 1978, American Journal of Sociology.

[77]  George Galster,et al.  Homeowners and Neighborhood Reinvestment , 1987 .

[78]  Thomas P. Vartanian,et al.  Childhood conditions and adult welfare use : Examining neighborhood and family factors , 1999 .

[79]  G. Galster,et al.  Measuring the impact of community development block grant spending on urban neighborhoods , 2004 .

[80]  Lance Hannon,et al.  Extremely Poor Neighborhoods and Homicide , 2005 .

[81]  Up Lim,et al.  The dynamics of neighborhood property crime rates , 2009 .

[82]  R. Sampson,et al.  Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory , 1989, American Journal of Sociology.

[83]  Barrett A. Lee,et al.  Is neighborhood racial succession place-specific? , 1991, Demography.

[84]  George A. Akerlof.  A theory of social custom, of which unemployment may be one consequence , 1980 .

[85]  Michael W. Giles.  White Flight and Percent Black: The Tipping Point Re-examined. , 1975 .

[86]  Amy Ellen Schwartz,et al.  Estimating the external effects of subsidized housing investment on property values , 2003 .

[87]  John Accordino,et al.  Fusing Technical and Political Rationality in Community Development: A Prescriptive Model of Efficiency-Based Strategic Geographic Targeting , 2013 .