Review on Avian Electrocardiogram

The avian cardiovascular system is designed to match the high metabolic demand of birds and it comprises of a large heart, high heart rate, high cardiac output, and high blood pressure. These unique high-performance features of the avian heart enable birds to fly, run, or dive. However, pet birds often are compromised in their cardiovascular capabilities by restricted exercise, poor diet, and abnormal climate. These factors may predispose for cardiovascular disease in captive birds (Martine, 2005). Many times backyard poultry companions are presented for evaluation for poor performance.

[1]  M. Cook.  Sturkie's Avian Physiology , 2017, Journal of Wildlife Diseases.

[2]  H. Hassanpour,et al.  NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF THE LAUGHING DOVE (SPILOPELIA SENEGALENSIS) , 2014, Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

[3]  M. Rishniw,et al.  The electrocardiogram of anesthetized captive adult emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). , 2013, Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology.

[4]  N. Machida,et al.  ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, HEART RATES, AND HEART WEIGHTS OF FREE-LIVING BIRDS , 2009, Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

[5]  H. Hassanpour,et al.  Effect of citric acid on electrocardiographic parameters of broiler chickens with pulmonary hypertension. , 2009, Acta veterinaria Hungarica.

[6]  L. Espino,et al.  ELECTROCARDIOGRAM REFERENCE VALUES FOR THE BUZZARD IN SPAIN , 2001, Journal of wildlife diseases.

[7]  R. Hamlin,et al.  Electrocardiographic Reference Values for Macaws (Ara species) and Cockatoos (Cacatua species) , 2001 .

[8]  A Donkoh,et al.  Ambient temperature: a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens , 1989, International journal of biometeorology.

[9]  N. Schoemaker,et al.  Clinical Approach to Avian Cardiac Disease , 2005 .