Development and Application of THz Gyrotrons for Advanced Spectroscopic Methods

Nowadays, gyrotrons are used in numerous and diverse fields of research and technology. Their most prominent application is to electron cyclotron resonance plasma heating and current drive-in reactors for controlled thermonuclear fusion. Another matured field is the thermal microwave treatment of materials in industrial-grade gyrotron-based technological systems. The unique spectral properties of gyrotron radiation, frequency tunability, and the possibility for precise control and modulation of both the output power and frequency have made the gyrotrons attractive and appropriate radiation sources for various novel advanced spectroscopic techniques. Among them are ESR (electron spin resonance), NMR-DNP (nuclear magnetic resonance with a signal enhancement through dynamic nuclear polarization), XDMR (X-ray detected magnetic resonance), acoustic molecular spectroscopy, as well as high-precision spectroscopy for measuring the SFS (super-fine splitting of the energy levels of positronium). In this review paper, we present both the current status and the most remarkable recent achievements of these methods implemented in gyrotron-based spectroscopy systems and discuss the main trends in the development of their dedicated radiation sources operating in the THz frequency range.

[1]  M. Glyavin,et al.  Towards Watt-Level THz Sources for High-Resolution Spectroscopy Based on 5th-Harmonic Multiplication in Gyrotrons , 2022, Applied Sciences.

[2]  A. Chirkov,et al.  Boosted excitation of the fifth cyclotron harmonic based on frequency multiplication in conventional gyrotrons. , 2022, Physical review. E.

[3]  A. Sedov,et al.  The Use of Simultaneous Tuning of Several Control Parameters to Stabilize the Radiation Power of a Subterahertz Gyrotron when Tuning the Generation Frequency , 2022, Instruments and Experimental Techniques.

[4]  Y. Tatematsu,et al.  Novel and Emerging Applications of the Gyrotrons Worldwide: Current Status and Prospects , 2021, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[5]  V. Parshin,et al.  Experimental Demonstration of Gyrotron Frequency Stabilization by Resonant Reflection , 2021, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[6]  M. Thottappan,et al.  Design and Investigations of Millimeter-Wave Gyrotron With Multisection Slightly Tapered RF Cavity for DNP/NMR Spectrometer Application , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[7]  E. Ohmichi,et al.  Force detection of high-frequency electron spin resonance near room temperature using high-power millimeter-wave source gyrotron , 2021 .

[8]  G. Denisov,et al.  Russian Gyrotrons: Achievements and Trends , 2021, IEEE Journal of Microwaves.

[9]  Seong-Tae Han,et al.  Application of a Compact Sub-Terahertz Gyrotron for Nondestructive Inspections , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[10]  Svilen Sabchevski,et al.  Gyrotron-Based Technological Systems for Material Processing—Current Status and Prospects , 2020 .

[11]  M. Tretyakov,et al.  Sub-Terahertz High-Sensitivity High-Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy With a Gyrotron , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[12]  G. Denisov,et al.  Principal Enhancement of THz-Range Gyrotron Parameters Using Injection Locking , 2020, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[13]  G. Denisov,et al.  Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Terahertz-Range Gyrotrons with Frequency and Spectrum Control , 2020, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[14]  Gaofeng Liu,et al.  Theory Analysis of Nonlinear Excitation of Second Harmonic THz Gyrotron for DNP-NMR , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[15]  Svilen Sabchevski,et al.  The Gyrotrons as Promising Radiation Sources for THz Sensing and Imaging , 2020, Applied Sciences.

[16]  M. Thumm.  State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers , 2020, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[17]  R. Griffin,et al.  Second Harmonic 527-GHz Gyrotron for DNP-NMR: Design and Experimental Results , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[18]  V. G. Bozhkov,et al.  Control of sub-terahertz gyrotron frequency by modulation-anode voltage: Comparison of theoretical and experimental results. , 2019, The Review of scientific instruments.

[19]  R. Griffin,et al.  High frequency dynamic nuclear polarization: New directions for the 21st century. , 2019, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[20]  A. Chirkov,et al.  A Compact THz Source for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Dynamic Nuclear Polarization , 2018, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics.

[21]  M. Glyavin,et al.  Frequency Tunable sub-THz Gyrotron for Direct Measurements of Positronium Hyperfine Structure , 2018, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves.

[22]  T. Idehara,et al.  Development and Application of Gyrotrons at FIR UF , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[23]  G. Denisov,et al.  Ultrawideband Millimeter-Wave Oscillators Based on Two Coupled Gyro-TWTs With Helical Waveguide , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[24]  E. Ohmichi,et al.  Force-detected high-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy using magnet-mounted nanomembrane: Robust detection of thermal magnetization modulation. , 2018, The Review of scientific instruments.

[25]  Erika L. Sesti,et al.  Frequency-agile gyrotron for electron decoupling and pulsed dynamic nuclear polarization. , 2018, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[26]  G. Denisov,et al.  High-power sub-terahertz source with a record frequency stability at up to 1 Hz , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[27]  A. Bogdashov,et al.  Frequency Stabilization in a Sub-Terahertz Gyrotron With Delayed Reflections of Output Radiation , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[28]  A. Sedov,et al.  A novel THz-band double-beam gyrotron for high-field DNP-NMR spectroscopy. , 2017, The Review of scientific instruments.

[29]  M. Shapiro,et al.  Photonic-band-gap gyrotron amplifier with picosecond pulses. , 2017, Applied physics letters.

[30]  E. Plinski,et al.  The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy , 2017 .

[31]  T. Maly,et al.  A ferromagnetic shim insert for NMR magnets - Towards an integrated gyrotron for DNP-NMR spectroscopy. , 2017, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[32]  Y. Tatematsu,et al.  Simultaneous Stabilization of Gyrotron Frequency and Power by PID Double Feedback Control on the Acceleration and Anode Voltages , 2017 .

[33]  V. Bratman,et al.  Numerical Study of a Low-Voltage Gyrotron (“Gyrotrino”) for DNP/NMR Spectroscopy , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[34]  M. Tretyakov,et al.  Molecular gas spectroscopy using radioacoustic detection and high-power coherent subterahertz radiation sources , 2017 .

[35]  T. Idehara,et al.  Gyrotrons for High-Power Terahertz Science and Technology at FIR UF , 2016, 1607.04964.

[36]  M. A. Koshelev,et al.  High-power terahertz sources for spectroscopy and material diagnostics , 2016 .

[37]  M. Haider,et al.  Field and frequency modulated sub-THz electron spin resonance spectrometer , 2016 .

[38]  Udaybir Singh,et al.  A review on the sub-THz/THz gyrotrons , 2016 .

[39]  G. Denisov,et al.  Frequency Locking and Stabilization Regimes in High-Power Gyrotrons with Low-Q Resonators , 2016 .

[40]  T. Fujiwara,et al.  Advanced instrumentation for DNP-enhanced MAS NMR for higher magnetic fields and lower temperatures. , 2016, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[41]  S. Alberti,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization by frequency modulation of a tunable gyrotron of 260GHz. , 2016, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[42]  Yoshinori Tatematsu,et al.  Stabilization of Gyrotron Frequency by PID Feedback Control on the Acceleration Voltage , 2015 .

[43]  G. Denisov,et al.  Stabilization of gyrotron frequency by reflection from nonresonant and resonant loads , 2015 .

[44]  Toshitaka Idehara,et al.  Development of THz Gyrotrons at IAP RAS and FIR UF and Their Applications in Physical Research and High-Power THz Technologies , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[45]  Y. Tatematsu,et al.  Development of the Multifrequency Gyrotron FU CW GV with Gaussian Beam Output , 2015 .

[46]  A. Chirkov,et al.  Experimental tests of a 263 GHz gyrotron for spectroscopic applications and diagnostics of various media. , 2015, The Review of scientific instruments.

[47]  Toshitaka Idehara,et al.  Gyrotron Output Power Stabilization by PID Feedback Control of Heater Current and Anode Voltage , 2014, 2014 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz).

[48]  S. Asai,et al.  First Millimeter-wave Spectroscopy of the Ground-state Positronium , 2014, 1403.0312.

[49]  G. Denisov,et al.  The development of gyrotrons and their applications for plasma science and material processing , 2014 .

[50]  R. Temkin.  Development of terahertz gyrotrons for spectroscopy at MIT , 2014 .

[51]  V. Bratman,et al.  THz Gyrotron and BWO Designed for Operation in DNP-NMR Spectrometer Magnet , 2013 .

[52]  F. Braunmueller,et al.  Experimental study from linear to chaotic regimes on a terahertz-frequency gyrotron oscillator , 2012 .

[53]  T. Idehara,et al.  X-Ray Detected Magnetic Resonance at Sub-THz Frequencies Using a High Power Gyrotron Source , 2012 .

[54]  T. Idehara,et al.  Development of a Compact sub-THz Gyrotron FU CW CI for Application to High Power THz Technologies , 2012 .

[55]  S. Asai,et al.  Direct observation of the hyperfine transition of ground-state positronium. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[56]  S. Asai,et al.  Direct Measurement of Positronium HyperFine Structure: ∼ A New Horizon of Precision Spectroscopy Using Gyrotrons ∼ , 2012 .

[57]  G. Goujon,et al.  X-Ray Detected Magnetic Resonance: A Unique Probe of the Precession Dynamics of Orbital Magnetization Components , 2011, International journal of molecular sciences.

[58]  A. Torrezan,et al.  Operation of a Continuously Frequency-Tunable Second-Harmonic CW 330-GHz Gyrotron for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[59]  G. Denisov,et al.  Transmission Line for 258 GHz Gyrotron DNP Spectrometry , 2011 .

[60]  V. Denysenkov,et al.  Liquid state DNP using a 260 GHz high power gyrotron. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[61]  T. Idehara,et al.  Continuously Frequency Tunable High Power Sub-THz Radiation Source—Gyrotron FU CW VI for 600 MHz DNP-NMR Spectroscopy , 2010 .

[62]  E. Reijerse.  High-Frequency EPR Instrumentation , 2009 .

[63]  T. Idehara,et al.  Frequency tunable gyrotron using backward-wave components , 2008, 2008 33rd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves.

[64]  H. O. Prinz,et al.  Frequency measurement system for gyrotron diagnostics , 2007, IEEE Potentials.

[65]  Seong-Tae Han,et al.  Spectral Characteristics of a 140-GHz Long-Pulsed Gyrotron , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[66]  M. Thumm,et al.  Power modulation capabilities of the 140 GHz/1 MW gyrotron for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X , 2003 .

[67]  T. Idehara,et al.  High Field ESR Measurements Using Gyrotron FU Series as Radiation Sources , 2003 .

[68]  Aripin,et al.  High Power, Frequency Tunable, Submillimeter Wave ESR Device Using a Gyrotron as a Radiation Source , 2000 .

[69]  T. Idehara,et al.  FREQUENCY MODULATION IN A SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE GYROTRON , 1998 .

[70]  Sergey V. Samsonov,et al.  Gyro-TWT with a helical operating waveguide: new possibilities to enhance efficiency and frequency bandwidth , 1998 .

[71]  Teruo Saito,et al.  ESR spectrometer with a wide frequency range using a gyrotron as a radiation power source , 1995 .

[72]  Temkin,et al.  Dynamic nuclear polarization with a cyclotron resonance maser at 5 T. , 1993, Physical review letters.