Environmental Modeling: A Practical Introduction

MODELS AND MODELING Why Model? The Modeling Process Llyn Efyrnwy Structure and Objectives of the Book Resources on the CD-ROM Typographical Conventions VISUALIZING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA Introduction Creating Two-Dimensional Plots Plotting Time-Series Data Plotting in Three Dimensions Printing Plots Exporting Graphics Files Command-Line Scripts Summary PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA Introduction Structure of the Llyn Efyrnwy Precipitation Data Creating and Running a Simple gawk Program Using gawk to Process Selected Fields Storing the gawk Program in a File Using gawk to Process Selected Records Controlling the Format of the Output Redirecting the Output to a File Visualizing the Output Data Logical or Boolean Operators in gawk Summary WIND SPEED AND WIND POWER Introduction Description of the Wind Speed Data Calculating the Annual Mean Wind Speed Determining the Maximum Wind Speed Exploring Wind Speed Variability Wind Energy and Power Summary SOLAR RADIATION AT EARTH'S SURFACE Introduction Description of the Solar Irradiance Data Analyzing the Observations Modeling Solar Irradiance Summary LIGHT INTERACTION WITH A PLANT CANOPY Introduction Developing a Model of Light Interaction with Plant Canopies A Two-Layer Light Interaction Model Accounting for Multiple Scattering Multiple Leaf-Layer Models Summary ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS Introduction An Exact Analytical Solution to the Two-Layer Model An Iterative Numerical Solution to the Multiple Leaf-Layer Model Bouguer's Law and the Attenuation Coefficient Summary POPULATION DYNAMICS Introduction Unconstrained or Density-Independent Growth Constrained or Density-Dependent Growth Numerical Integration (or Stepping) Methods Inter-Specific Competition Predator-Prey Relationships Summary BIOSPHERIC FEEDBACK ON DAISYWORLD Introduction Description and Assumptions of the Conceptual Model Formulating the Mathematical Model Implementing the Computational Model Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Analysis Summary MODELING INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION AND HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS OVER NATURAL TERRAIN Introduction Visualizing Digital Elevation Data as an Array Handling Multi-Dimensional Arrays in gawk Determining Terrain Gradient and Aspect Solar Irradiance on Sloping Terrain Modeling Hydrological Networks Summary and Further Directions INSTALLING AND RUNNING THE SOFTWARE Introduction Some Basic Computing Concepts Installing and Running gnuplot Installing and Running gawk GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Preamble Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution and Modification No Warranty GNUPLOT LICENSE STANDARDS International Standard Date and Time Notation SI Units (Systeme International d'Unites) SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS REFERENCES INDEX