Low Noise and Low Offset Operational and Instrumentation Amplifiers

This chapter gives an overview of techniques that achieve low offset, low noise, and high accuracy in CMOS operational amplifiers (OA or OpAmp) and instrumentation amplifiers (IA or InstAmp). Auto-zero and chopper techniques are used apart and in combination with each other. Frequency-compensation techniques are described that obtain straight roll-off amplitude characteristics in the multi-path architectures of chopper-stabilized amplifiers. Therefore, these amplifiers can be used in standard feedback networks. Offset voltages lower than 1 μV can be achieved. Instrumentation amplifiers with capacitive coupled chopper inputs are described. They facilitate CM input voltage ranges outside the supply voltages for applications of beyond the rail current sensing.

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