Macrophage proliferation in atherosclerosis

Oxidized LDL can induce an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and the activation of protein kinase C in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The activation of protein kinase C leads to the release into the culture medium of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which plays a priming role in oxidized LDL-induced macrophage proliferation. The expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in macrophages by oxidized LDL is positively regulated in the 5′-flanking region of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene from sequence −169 to −160, but negatively regulated from −91 to −82. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor released by oxidized LDL from macrophages induces proliferation in autocrine or paracrine fashion via the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The capacity of oxidized LDL to induce macrophage proliferation in vitro may be involved in the enhanced progression of atherosclerosis in vivo.

[1]  L. Stanton,et al.  CD36 is a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[2]  R. Cullen,et al.  In Situ Proliferation of Intratumor Macrophages , 1984, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[3]  R. Ross,et al.  Macrophage and smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions of WHHL and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits. , 1990, Arteriosclerosis.

[4]  J. Steinberg.  Book ReviewAmbulatory Pediatric Care , 1989 .

[5]  C. Y. Wang,et al.  Activation of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter in T cells requires cooperative binding of Elf-1 and AP-1 transcription factors , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[6]  V. Ferrans,et al.  Alveolar macrophage replication. One mechanism for the expansion of the mononuclear phagocyte population in the chronically inflamed lung. , 1984, Journal of Clinical Investigation.

[7]  J. Hamilton,et al.  Particulate adjuvants can induce macrophage survival, DNA synthesis, and a synergistic proliferative response to GM‐CSF and CSF‐1 , 2000, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[8]  Y. Nishizuka.  Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. , 1992, Science.

[9]  M. Kasper,et al.  Secretory group II phospholipase A2 in human atherosclerotic plaques. , 1995, Atherosclerosis.

[10]  T. Matsumura,et al.  Group-II phospholipase A(2) enhances oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage growth through enhancement of GM-CSF release. , 2000, Atherosclerosis.

[11]  J. Hamilton,et al.  Oxidized LDL can induce macrophage survival, DNA synthesis, and enhanced proliferative response to CSF-1 and GM-CSF. , 1999, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[12]  R. van Furth.  Origin and turnover of monocytes and macrophages. , 1989, Current topics in pathology. Ergebnisse der Pathologie.

[13]  K. Arai,et al.  T-cell activation signals and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-encoded p40x protein activate the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene through a common DNA element , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[14]  T. Sasaki,et al.  Lysophosphatidylcholine plays an essential role in the mitogenic effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on murine macrophages. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[15]  T. Matsumura,et al.  Lysophosphatidylcholine potentiates the mitogenic activity of modified LDL for human monocyte-derived macrophages. , 1996, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[16]  J. Hamilton.  Glucocorticoids and prostaglandins inhibit the induction of macrophage DNA synthesis by macrophage growth factor and phorbol ester , 1983, Journal of cellular physiology.

[17]  S. Pizzo,et al.  Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Suppresses Activation of NFκB in Macrophages via a Pertussis Toxin-sensitive Signaling Mechanism (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[18]  K. Williams,et al.  Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  J. Hamilton,et al.  Induction of Macrophage DNA Synthesis by phorbol esters , 1981, Journal of cellular physiology.

[20]  R. Ross,et al.  Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. , 1998, American heart journal.

[21]  E. Hurt-Camejo,et al.  Potential involvement of type II phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis. , 1997, Atherosclerosis.

[22]  C. R. Clark,et al.  Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates monocyte and tissue macrophage proliferation and enhances their responsiveness to macrophage colony-stimulating factor. , 1988, Blood.

[23]  W. Jaross,et al.  Analysis of secretory group II phospholipase A2 expression in human aortic tissue in dependence on the degree of atherosclerosis. , 1999, Atherosclerosis.

[24]  R. Ross.  The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s , 1993, Nature.

[25]  T. Kita,et al.  An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein , 1997, Nature.

[26]  M. Freeman,et al.  Type I macrophage scavenger receptor contains α-helical and collagen-like coiled coils , 1990, Nature.

[27]  K. Arai,et al.  The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter cis-acting element CLE0 mediates induction signals in T cells and is recognized by factors related to AP1 and NFAT , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[28]  A. Celada,et al.  Dexamethasone enhances macrophage colony stimulating factor- and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor-stimulated proliferation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. , 1998, International immunology.

[29]  J L Witztum,et al.  Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. , 1989, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[30]  H. Schwarz,et al.  CD137 induces proliferation and endomitosis in monocytes. , 1999, Blood.

[31]  T. Matsumura,et al.  Two intracellular signaling pathways for activation of protein kinase C are involved in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage growth. , 1997, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[32]  EvaHurt-Camejo,et al.  Localization of Nonpancreatic Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Normal and Atherosclerotic Arteries , 1997 .

[33]  T. Matsumura,et al.  Sites of Action of Protein Kinase C and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Are Distinct in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-induced Macrophage Proliferation* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[34]  T. Kodama,et al.  Induction of Murine Macrophage Growth by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Is Mediated by Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[35]  P. Baeuerle,et al.  NF-kappa B as inducible transcriptional activator of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[36]  T. Sasaki,et al.  Induction of GM-CSF production of macrophages by advanced glycation end products of the Maillard reaction. , 1999, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[37]  K. Arai,et al.  Calcineurin activates transcription from the GM-CSF promoter in synergy with either protein kinase C or NF-kappa B/AP-1 in T cells. , 1994, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[38]  T. Moeslinger,et al.  Urea induces macrophage proliferation by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. , 1999, Kidney international.

[39]  D. Steinberg,et al.  The 94- to 97-kDa mouse macrophage membrane protein that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein and phosphatidylserine-rich liposomes is identical to macrosialin, the mouse homologue of human CD68. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  S. Horiuchi,et al.  Endocytosed lysophosphatidylcholine, through the scavenger receptor, plays an essential role in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage proliferation. , 1998, Trends in cardiovascular medicine.

[41]  C. Stewart,et al.  Macrophage growth factor and its relationship to colony stimulating factor. , 1978, Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society.

[42]  Yukiko Kurihara,et al.  A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection , 1997, Nature.

[43]  A. Lusis,et al.  Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins , 1990, Nature.

[44]  H. Lodish,et al.  Expression cloning of SR-BI, a CD36-related class B scavenger receptor. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[45]  R. Gerrity,et al.  Visualization of monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic arteries using fluorescent labelling. , 1988, Atherosclerosis.

[46]  N. Reiner,et al.  Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Is Involved in the Induction of Macrophage Growth by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[47]  J L Witztum,et al.  Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  F. Tashiro,et al.  Colnal prevalence of T cells infiltrating into the pancreas of prediabetic non-obese diabetic mice , 1996 .

[49]  J. Pepper,et al.  Morphology of the endothelium over atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. , 1988, British heart journal.

[50]  T. Matsumura,et al.  Cis-acting DNA Elements of Mouse Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Gene Responsive to Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[51]  B. Johansen,et al.  Localization of nonpancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 in normal and atherosclerotic arteries. Activity of the isolated enzyme on low-density lipoproteins. , 1997, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[52]  R. Furth.  Origin and turnover of monocytes and macrophages. , 1989 .

[53]  A. Orlandi,et al.  Foam cells of the rabbit atherosclerotic plaque arrested in metaphase by colchicine show a macrophage phenotype. , 1991, Atherosclerosis.

[54]  T. Kupper,et al.  Keratinocyte-derived granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces DNA synthesis by peritoneal macrophages. , 1988, Journal of immunology.

[55]  T. Sasaki,et al.  Induction of murine macrophage growth by modified LDLs. , 1993, Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology.

[56]  C. R. Clark,et al.  Interleukin 3 (IL 3) regulates the in vitro proliferation of both blood monocytes and peritoneal exudate macrophages: synergism between a macrophage lineage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and IL 3. , 1986, Journal of immunology.

[57]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  M. F. Shannon,et al.  Nuclear proteins interacting with the promoter region of the human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[59]  K. Arai,et al.  A nuclear factor NF-GM2 that interacts with a regulatory region of the GM-CSF gene essential for its induction in responses to T-cell activation: purification from human T-cell leukemia line Jurkat cells and similarity to NF-kappa B. , 1991, International immunology.

[60]  P. Eriksson,et al.  Oxidized LDL Induces Transcription Factor Activator Protein–1 but Inhibits Activation of Nuclear Factor–κB in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells , 1995 .

[61]  A. Gomez-Muñoz,et al.  A Modification of Apolipoprotein B Accounts for Most of the Induction of Macrophage Growth by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[62]  T. Kodama,et al.  The Scavenger Receptor Serves as a Route for Internalization of Lysophosphatidylcholine in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-induced Macrophage Proliferation* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[63]  L. Stanton,et al.  A macrophage Fc receptor for IgG is also a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[64]  P. Elsbach,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a phospholipase A2 from an inflammatory exudate. , 1978, Journal of lipid research.

[65]  P. Vadas,et al.  Role of secretory phospholipases A2 in the pathobiology of disease. , 1986, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[66]  H. Schwarz,et al.  CD 137 Induces Proliferation and Endomitosis in Monocytes By , 1999 .

[67]  J L Witztum,et al.  Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[68]  G. Wolf,et al.  Oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulates protein kinase C (PKC) and induces expression of PKC-isotypes via prostaglandin-H-synthase in P388D1 macrophage-like cells. , 1996, Biochemistry.