Understanding heat wave vulnerability in nursing and residential homes

The frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves affecting the UK (and other parts of the world) is set to increase as the climate changes with potentially serious implications for future heat-related mortality. Epidemiological research has shown that in England and Wales older people in nursing and residential homes are among those most vulnerable to the impacts of hot weather. It is argued that there is a real need to deepen the understanding of the everyday settings in which people experience heat wave conditions and the ways in which various social, cultural, institutional, and infrastructural considerations may contribute to creating vulnerability and limiting the possibilities of short- or long-term adaptation. Epidemiological evidence is reviewed to establish who is vulnerable in hot weather. This is followed by an examination of how an ethnographic and qualitative approach can be used to provide a deeper insight into how those vulnerabilities are constructed. The provisional findings of a small pilot study are presented, along with a number of the problems encountered, in order to demonstrate the type of data that can be accessed through a qualitative methodology, and how the routines and practices of everyday life may be implicated in the reproduction of vulnerability. This is a first step in understanding and developing processes of adaptation that can provide alternatives to dependency on technical cooling solutions. La fréquence, l'intensité et la durée des vagues de chaleur qui touchent le Royaume-Uni (et d'autres parties du monde) vont augmenter, compte tenu du changement climatique, et pourraient avoir des conséquences graves en termes de mortalité liée à la chaleur. Des recherches épidémiologiques ont montré qu'en Angleterre et au pays de Galles, les personnes âgées vivant dans des maisons de soins et des maisons de retraite sont parmi les plus sensibles aux fortes chaleurs. L'auteur estime qu'il est impératif de mieux connaître le cadre quotidien et les conditions dans lesquels ces personnes subissent les vagues de chaleur et comment les facteurs sociaux, culturels, institutionnels et infrastructurels peuvent contribuer à générer la vulnérabilité et à limiter les possibilités d'adaptation à court et à long terme. Les preuves épidémiologiques sont examinées pour désigner ceux qui sont vulnérables en cas de fortes chaleurs. L'auteur examine ensuite comment une approche ethnographique et qualitative peut servir à mieux appréhender cette vulnérabilité. Les résultats provisoires d'une petite étude pilote sont présentés dans cet article ainsi qu'un certain nombre de problèmes rencontrés, afin de définir le type de données auxquelles on peut avoir accès par une méthodologie qualitative, ainsi que les gestes et les pratiques de la vie quotidienne qui peuvent être associés à la reproduction de cette vulnérabilité. C'est la première étape de la compréhension et du développement de processus d'adaptation qui peuvent fournir des alternatives à la dépendance à l'égard de solutions techniques de réfrigération. comportement adaptatif, impacts du changement climatique, confort, vagues de chaleur, qualité environnementale intérieure, personnes âgées, santé publique, réduction des risques, vulnérabilité

[1]  J. de Beer,et al.  The effect of the summer 2003 heat wave on mortality in the Netherlands. , 2005, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[2]  W. Stefanov,et al.  Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress. , 2006, Social science & medicine.

[3]  Radan Huth,et al.  Heat-related mortality in the Czech Republic examined through synoptic and 'traditional' approaches , 2004 .

[4]  L. Conklin,et al.  Heat-related deaths--United States, 1999-2003. , 2006, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[5]  J. Kanis,et al.  Informed consent in clinical trials. Full consent may bias outcome of trials. , 1993, BMJ.

[6]  T. Itoh,et al.  Deaths from heat-stroke in Japan: 1968–1994 , 1999, International journal of biometeorology.

[7]  Antonella Zanobetti,et al.  Extreme Temperatures and Mortality: Assessing Effect Modification by Personal Characteristics and Specific Cause of Death in a Multi-City Case-Only Analysis , 2006, Environmental health perspectives.

[8]  S. Hajat,et al.  Socioeconomic differentials in the temperature-mortality relationship in São Paulo, Brazil. , 2003, International journal of epidemiology.

[9]  L. Doyal Informed consent in medical research: Journals should not publish research to which patients have not given fully informed consent–with three exceptions , 1997 .

[10]  P. Sorlie,et al.  Air-conditioning and mortality in hot weather. , 1992, American journal of epidemiology.

[11]  W. Adger,et al.  Theory and Practice in Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change andFacilitating Adaptation , 2000 .

[12]  Jean-Luc Salagnac,et al.  Lessons from the 2003 heat wave: a French perspective , 2007 .

[13]  J. B. Worfolk,et al.  Heat waves: their impact on the health of elders. , 2000, Geriatric nursing.

[14]  A. El-Zein,et al.  A time-series analysis of mortality and air temperature in Greater Beirut. , 2004, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  G. Meehl,et al.  More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century , 2004, Science.

[16]  E. Schuster Ethical considerations when conducting ethnographic research in a nursing home setting. , 1996, Journal of aging studies.

[17]  Martyn Hammersley,et al.  Ethnography : Principles in Practice , 1983 .

[18]  E. Hernández,et al.  Heat waves in Madrid 1986–1997: effects on the health of the elderly , 2002, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[19]  É. Lepage,et al.  Were less disabled patients the most affected by 2003 heat wave in nursing homes in Paris, France? , 2005, Journal of public health.

[20]  E. Shove Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: The Social Organization of Normality , 2003 .

[21]  C. Muntaner,et al.  Socioeconomic position and excess mortality during the heat wave of 2003 in Barcelona , 2006, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[22]  A. Ek,et al.  Ritualized practices among caregivers at meals in geriatric care. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[23]  S. M. Smith,et al.  Geographic distribution of heat-related deaths among elderly persons. Use of county-level dot maps for injury surveillance and epidemiologic research. , 1989, JAMA.

[24]  H. Hutter,et al.  Heatwaves in Vienna: effects on mortality , 2006, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift.

[25]  B. Menne,et al.  Prognostic Factors in Heat Wave-Related Deaths , 2007 .

[26]  L. Kalkstein,et al.  Weather and Human Mortality: An Evaluation of Demographic and Interregional Responses in the United States , 1989 .

[27]  R. Kovats,et al.  Mortality in southern England during the 2003 heat wave by place of death. , 2006, Health statistics quarterly.

[28]  D. Lüthi,et al.  The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves , 2004, Nature.

[29]  Wendy M Novicoff,et al.  Changing heat-related mortality in the United States. , 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

[30]  T. Kosatsky The 2003 European heat waves. , 2005, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[31]  Rupa Basu,et al.  Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. , 2002, Epidemiologic reviews.

[32]  K. Tomic Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago , 2003 .

[33]  J. Golmard,et al.  Level of dependency: a simple marker associated with mortality during the 2003 heatwave among French dependent elderly people living in the community or in institutions. , 2007, Age and ageing.

[34]  Antonella Zanobetti,et al.  Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: The role of air conditioning prevalence , 2005, Journal of Urban Health.

[35]  A. Zeghnoun,et al.  August 2003 heat wave in France: risk factors for death of elderly people living at home. , 2006, European journal of public health.

[36]  M. Coleman,et al.  Excess mortality in England and Wales, and in Greater London, during the 1995 heatwave. , 1998, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[37]  J. Mackenbach,et al.  Heat-related mortality among nursing-home patients , 1997, The Lancet.

[38]  B. Sidenvall Meal procedures in institutions for elderly people: a theoretical interpretation. , 1999, Journal of advanced nursing.

[39]  A. Woodward,et al.  Climate and mortality in Australia: retrospective study, 1979-1990 and predicted impacts in five major cities in 2030. , 1999 .

[40]  Lynn P. Nygaard,et al.  What's in a word? Conflicting interpretations of vulnerability in climate change research , 2004 .

[41]  G. Mcgwin,et al.  Temperature-Related Deaths in Alabama , 2000, Southern medical journal.

[42]  M. Mcgeehin,et al.  The potential impacts of climate variability and change on temperature-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[43]  P. Lagadec,et al.  Understanding the French 2003 Heat Wave Experience: Beyond the Heat, a Multi-Layered Challenge , 2004 .

[44]  M. Mirabelli,et al.  Heat-related fatalities in North Carolina. , 2005, American journal of public health.

[45]  W. Adger,et al.  THEORY AND PRACTICE IN ASSESSING VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND FACILITATING ADAPTATION , 2000 .

[46]  E. Hernández,et al.  Effects of extremely hot days on people older than 65 years in Seville (Spain) from 1986 to 1997 , 2002, International journal of biometeorology.

[47]  Luigi Perini,et al.  Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy. , 2005, Environmental research.

[48]  Denis Hémon,et al.  Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France , 2006, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[49]  H. Howe,et al.  Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  C. M. Reed,et al.  The epidemiology of heat-related deaths, Texas--1950, 1970-79, and 1980. , 1983, American journal of public health.

[51]  S. Hajat,et al.  Heat-related and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk? , 2006, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[52]  J. Schwartz,et al.  Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.