Exploring the wakes of large offshore wind farms

Offshore meteorological characteristics set specific conditions for the operation of offshore wind farms. One specific feature is low turbulence intensity which on the one hand reduces loads on turbines but on the other hand is the reason for much longer turbine and farm wakes than over land. The German Government is presently funding a research project called WIPAFF (Wind PArk Far Field) which heads for the analysis of properties and impacts of offshore wind park far fields. The focus is on the analysis of wind farm wakes, their interaction among each other and their regional climate impact. This is done by in-situ, extensive aircraft and satellite measurements and by operating meso-scale wind field models and an analytical wind farm model.

[1]  Julia C. Hargreaves,et al.  The spectral wave model, WAM, adapted for applications with high spatial resolution , 2000 .

[2]  Charlotte Bay Hasager,et al.  Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR , 2005 .

[3]  K. Heinke Schlünzen,et al.  Influence of large offshore wind farms on North German climate , 2015 .

[4]  S. Sethuraman,et al.  Observations of the marine boundary layer thermal structure over the Gulf Stream during a cold air outbreak , 1986 .

[5]  Rebecca J. Barthelmie,et al.  Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art , 2003 .

[6]  Somnath Baidya Roy,et al.  Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[7]  F. Beyrich,et al.  Airborne measurements of turbulent fluxes during LITFASS-98: Comparison with ground measurements and remote sensing in a case study , 2002 .

[8]  R. Prinn,et al.  Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale wind farms , 2009 .

[9]  Niels N. Sørensen,et al.  Predicting wind farm wake interaction with RANS: an investigation of the Coriolis force , 2015 .

[10]  A. Wieser,et al.  Airborne turbulence measurements in the lower troposphere onboard the research aircraft dornier 128-6, D-IBUF , 2001 .

[11]  J. Staneva,et al.  Wave modelling for the German Bight coastal-ocean predicting system , 2015 .

[12]  Jimy Dudhia,et al.  Local and mesoscale impacts of wind farms as parameterized in a mesoscale NWP model , 2012 .

[13]  Cristina H. Amon,et al.  A mechanistic semi-empirical wake interaction model for wind farm layout optimization , 2015 .

[14]  Jens Bange,et al.  Helicopter-Borne Flux Measurements in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Over Land – a Case Study , 1999 .

[15]  S. Gryning,et al.  Lidar observations of marine boundary-layer winds and heights: a preliminary study , 2015 .

[16]  Daniel Barrie,et al.  Weather response to a large wind turbine array , 2010 .

[17]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  Atmospheric Turbulence Effects on Wind-Turbine Wakes: An LES Study , 2012 .

[18]  Stefan Emeis,et al.  A simple analytical wind park model considering atmospheric stability , 2009 .

[19]  Jens Bange,et al.  A New Method for the Determination of Area-Averaged Turbulent Surface Fluxes from Low-Level Flights Using Inverse Models , 2006 .

[20]  Jordan G. Powers,et al.  A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2 , 2005 .

[21]  David W Keith,et al.  The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  M. Bukovsky,et al.  The effect of a giant wind farm on precipitation in a regional climate model , 2011 .

[23]  Liming Zhou,et al.  Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature , 2012 .

[24]  Rebecca J. Barthelmie,et al.  The influence of non‐logarithmic wind speed profiles on potential power output at Danish offshore sites , 2005 .

[25]  Stefan Vögele,et al.  The impact of climate change and variability on the generation of electrical power , 2015 .

[26]  Susanne Lehner,et al.  Algorithm for Sea Surface Wind Retrieval From TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Data , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[27]  J. Wyngaard,et al.  Taylor's Hypothesis and High–Frequency Turbulence Spectra , 1977 .

[28]  David McMillan,et al.  Quantifying the impact of wind speed on wind turbine component failure rates , 2014 .

[29]  Albert A. M. Holtslag,et al.  ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED OBSERVATIONS OVER THE NORTH SEA , 1996 .

[30]  Frauke Feser,et al.  Relationship between SAR-Derived Wind Vectors and Wind at 10-m Height Represented by a Mesoscale Model , 2006 .

[31]  J. Badger,et al.  Comparing satellite SAR and wind farm wake models , 2015 .