Separation and determination of trace amounts of zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury in tap and Qaroun lake water using polyurethane foam functionalized with 4-hydroxytoluene and 4-hydroxyacetophenone.

A stable chelating sorbent was synthesized by covalently linking 4-hydroxytoluene or 4-hydroxyacetophenone with the polyurethane foam (PUF) through -N=N- group. The synthesized chelating sorbents were characterized by IR and UV/vis measurements. The modified foams show excellent stability towards various solvents. Factors influencing the extraction process of Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were studied and evaluated as a function of pH of metal ion solution and equilibration shaking time. The values of sorption capacity of metal ions (microg g(-1)) were determined with the two types of bonded foams. The two phenolic bonded foams were studied comparatively. The potential applications of the two newly synthesized foams for the removal and separation of the examined metal ions from two natural water samples (drinking tap water and Qaroun lake water at Fayoum City, Egypt) were investigated. Precision (assessed as a relative standard deviation, R.S.D.) was also evaluated and found to be < or =7.3% (N=5) with a detection limit under 0.46 microg L(-1).

[1]  T. Braun,et al.  Polyurethane foams and microspheres in analytical chemistry : Improved liquid-solid, gas-solid and liquid-liquid contact via a new geometry of the solid phase , 1978 .

[2]  K. Gavazov,et al.  Extraction spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in natural waters and aluminium alloys using pyridyl azo resorcinol (PAR) and iodo-nitro-tetrazolium chloride (INT). , 2000, Talanta.

[3]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Amberlite XAD-2 functionalized with chromotropic acid: synthesis of a new polymer matrix and its applications in metal ion enrichment for their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry , 1999 .

[4]  M. Ahmed,et al.  Adsorption and thermodynamic characteristics of Hg(II)-SCN complex onto polyurethane foam. , 1999, Talanta.

[5]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Synthesis of a chelating polymer matrix by immobilizing Alizarin Red-S on Amberlite XAD-2 and its application to the preconcentration of lead(II), cadmium(II), zinc(II) and nickel(II) , 1994 .

[6]  Solid phase extraction and determination of lead in soil and water samples using octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by bis[1-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-methyl]sulfide and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. , 2000, Talanta.

[7]  R. Shah,et al.  Dithizone-anchored poly(vinylpyridine) as a chelating resin for the preconcentration and separation of gold(III) from platinum(IV), copper(II) and mercury(II) , 1996 .

[8]  T. Braun,et al.  Polyurethane-pyridylazonaphthol foams in the preconcentration and separation of trace elements , 1977 .

[9]  H. Gesser,et al.  A novel method for the concentration and determination of trace elements in water , 1978 .

[10]  S. Ferreira,et al.  An on-line system for preconcentration and determination of lead in wine samples by FAAS. , 2002, Talanta.

[11]  Yong Guo,et al.  Preconcentration and determination of trace elements with 2-aminoacetylthiophenol functionalized Amberlite XAD-2 by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. , 2004, Talanta.

[12]  M. Kumar,et al.  Amberlite XAD-2 functionalized with o-aminophenol: synthesis and applications as extractant for copper(II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and lead(II). , 2000, Talanta.

[13]  M. El-shahat,et al.  Preconcentration and separation of iron, zinc, cadmium and mercury, from waste water using Nile blue a grafted polyurethane foam. , 2003, Talanta.

[14]  A. Singh,et al.  Preconcentration of lead with Amberlite XAD-2 and Amberlite XAD-7 based chelating resins for its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. , 2002, Talanta.

[15]  Z. Marczenko.  Separation and spectrophotometric determination of elements , 1986 .

[16]  A. Ramesh,et al.  Preconcentration of trace metals on Amberlite XAD-4 resin coated with dithiocarbamates and determination by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in saline matrices. , 2002, Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry.

[17]  R. Santelli,et al.  Application of polyurethane foam loaded with BTAC in an on-line preconcentration system: cadmium determination by FAAS , 2000 .

[18]  M. El-Shahawi,et al.  Retention and thermodynamic characteristics of mercury(II) complexes onto polyurethane foams , 2003 .

[19]  H. Hovind.  Thiazolylazo dyes and their applications in analytical chemistry. A review , 1975 .

[20]  T. Braun.  Quasi-spherical solid polymer membranes in separation chemistry: polyurethane foams as sorbents. Recent advances , 1989 .