Clinical efficacy of electrical stimulation exercise training: effects on health, fitness and function

The purpose of this article is to summarize research findings pertaining to the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) lower limb exercise training on health, fitness, and function in individuals with spinal cord injury. This lays the foundation for defining the potential clinical efficacy of FES exercise for reducing the risk of secondary medical complications. This article also reviews the effects of FES exercise on the muscular, skeletal, integumentary, immune, and cardiopulmonary systems, as well as on functional performance.