Rational nanotoolbox with theranostic potential for medicated pro-regenerative corneal implants

Cornea diseases are a leading cause of blindness and the disease burden is exacerbated by the increasing shortage around the world for cadaveric donor corneas. Despite the advances in the field of regenerative medicine, successful transplantation of laboratory made artificial corneas has not been fully realised in clinical practice. The causes of failure of such artificial corneal implants are multifactorial and include latent infections from viruses and other micorbes, enzyme over-expression, implant degradation, extrusion or delayed epithelial regeneration. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet need for developing customized corneal implants to suit the host environment, counter the effects of inflammation or infection and that are able to track early signs of implant failure in situ. In the present work, we describe a nano toolbox comprising tools for drug release and in addition capable of being infection responsive, promoting regeneration including non-invasive monitoring of in situ corneal environment. These nano constructs can be incorporated within pro-regenerative biosynthetic implants, transforming them into theranostic devices able to respond to biological changes following implantation.