Application of Sound and other Stimuli to Control Fish Behavior

Abstract This paper reviews the application of several sensory signals for their possible use in the control and modification of fish behavior but emphasizes the use of sound. Basic principles of underwater acoustics are introduced, followed by an overview of the structures and function of the fish ear and lateral line. Sounds in the sonic, infrasonic, and ultrasonic ranges are potentially useful for controlling fish behavior. However, most experiments testing the usefulness of such sounds have given ambiguous results except when ultrasound has been used to control some clupeid species. Very little is known about the potential usefulness of chemical and electric signals (other than electric shocks) for behavioral control. A substantial literature on the use of light to attract or repel fish offers encouraging possibilities for this control medium in some circumstances. We conclude that too little is actually known about the suitability of various signals for control of fish behavior. Many variables, such ...

[1]  J. N. Lythgoe,et al.  Light and Vision in the Aquatic Environment , 1988 .

[2]  W. H. Neill,et al.  Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes , 1984 .

[3]  P. Gehrke.  Influence of light intensity and wavelength on phototactic behaviour of larval silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and golden perch Macquana ambigua and the effectiveness of light traps , 1994 .

[4]  E. Hassan.  Hydrodynamic Imaging of the Surroundings by the Lateral Line of the Blind Cave Fish Anoptichthys jordani , 1989 .

[5]  Jelle Atema,et al.  Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals , 1988, Springer New York.

[6]  C. A. Mccormick,et al.  Anatomy of the Central Auditory Pathways of Fish and Amphibians , 1999 .

[7]  D. Hoss,et al.  Startle Response in Herring: The Effect of Sound Stimulus Frequency, Size of Fish and Selective Interference With The Acoustico-Lateralis System , 1981, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[8]  A. Schuijf,et al.  Underwater localization—a major problem in fish acoustics , 1978 .

[9]  A. Popper,et al.  The auditory system of the goldfish (Carassius auratus): effects of intense acoustic stimulation. , 1976, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology.

[10]  A. Popper,et al.  Sensory hair cells of a fish ear: evidence of multiple types based on ototoxicity sensitivity , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[11]  W. Tavolga.  REVIEW OF MARINE BIO-ACOUSTICS. STATE OF THE ART: 1964. , 1965 .

[12]  C. Clay,et al.  Acoustical Oceanography : Principles and Applications , 1977 .

[13]  James J. Anderson,et al.  Measurement of low-frequency sound at Bonneville, McNary and Lower Granite dams - 1988 , 1989 .

[14]  R. Fay,et al.  Acoustic response and tuning in saccular nerve fibers of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[15]  Bell Mc,et al.  Revised Compendium on the Success of Passage of Small Fish Through Turbines , 1967 .

[16]  R. Fay,et al.  Modes of stimulation of the teleost ear. , 1975, The Journal of experimental biology.

[17]  C. A. Mccormick.  Evolution of Central Auditory Pathways in Anamniotes , 1992 .

[18]  Russell D. Fernald,et al.  Aquatic Adaptations in Fish Eyes , 1988 .

[19]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Structure and Function in Sound Discrimination Among Vertebrates , 1992 .

[20]  A. Popper,et al.  Structural diversity in the inner ear of teleost fishes: implications for connections to the Mauthner cell. , 1995, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[21]  R. Northcutt.  Central Auditory Pathways in Anamniotic Vertebrates , 1980 .

[22]  H. Bleckmann,et al.  Role of lateral line in fish behaviour , 1986 .

[23]  W. Hoar.  The Evolution of Migratory Behaviour among Juvenile Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus , 1958 .

[24]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing , 1992, Springer New York.

[25]  G. T. Haymes,et al.  Attraction of fish to mercury vapour light and its application in a generating station forebay , 1984 .

[26]  E P Taft,et al.  Assessment of downstream migrant fish protection technologies for hydroelectric application , 1986 .

[27]  W. Tavolga.  Signal-noise ratio and the critical band in fishes. , 1974, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[28]  Barbara Canlon,et al.  Mechanical Changes in Stereocilia Following Overstimulation: Observations and Possible Mechanisms , 1986 .

[29]  Jiakun Song,et al.  Damage and recovery of hair cells in fish canal (but not superficial) neuromasts after gentamicin exposure , 1995, Hearing Research.

[30]  A. Popper,et al.  The herring ear has a unique receptor pattern , 1979, Nature.

[31]  J. R. Brett,et al.  Preliminary Experiments Using Lights and Bubbles to Deflect Migrating Young Spring Salmon , 1953 .

[32]  A. Popper,et al.  Damage and regeneration of hair cell ciliary bundles in a fish ear following treatment with gentamicin , 1993, Hearing Research.

[33]  Dennis J. Dunning,et al.  Alewives Avoid High-Frequency Sound , 1992 .

[34]  E. Denton,et al.  Mechanical factors in the excitation of clupeid lateral lines , 1983, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[35]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians , 1999, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[36]  日本音響学会,et al.  Comparative Studies of Hearing in Vertebrates , 1980, Proceedings in Life Sciences.

[37]  Alfon B. A. Kroese,et al.  Sensory Transduction in Lateral Line Hair cells , 1989 .

[38]  A. Popper,et al.  Sensory surface of the saccule and lagena in the ears of ostariophysan fishes , 1983, Journal of morphology.

[39]  D G Murray,et al.  A review of fish response to spillways , 1983 .

[40]  A. Popper,et al.  The octavolateralis system and Mauthner cell: interactions and questions. , 1995, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[41]  E. Moure,et al.  L'oreille et ses annexes , 1922 .

[42]  Gene R. Ploskey,et al.  Responses of Blueback Herring to High-Frequency Sound and Implications for Reducing Entrainment at Hydropower Dams , 1992 .

[43]  A J Hudspeth,et al.  Mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells in the acousticolateralis sensory system. , 1983, Annual review of neuroscience.

[44]  Egil Ona,et al.  Effects of seismic shooting on catch and catch-availability of cod and haddock , 1993 .

[45]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Awareness reactions and avoidance responses to sound in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , 1992 .

[46]  John C. Montgomery,et al.  Functional and Evolutionary Implications of Peripheral Diversity in Lateral Line Systems , 1992 .

[47]  P. Bellgowan,et al.  Hypoalgesia in response to sensitization during acute noise stress. , 1994, Behavioral neuroscience.

[48]  J. Nestler,et al.  Evaluation of an Integrated Fish-Protection System , 1995 .

[49]  Hunter Rouse,et al.  Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers , 1961 .

[50]  Robert A. Davidson,et al.  Imaging Smolt Behavior on an Extended-Length Submerged Bar Screen and an Extended-Length Submerged Traveling Screen at The Dallas Dam in 1993. , 1995 .

[51]  Peter H. Rogers,et al.  Role of the Fish Ear in Sound Processing , 1988 .

[52]  A. Popper,et al.  A scanning electron microscopic study of the sacculus and lagena in the ears of fifteen species of teleost fishes , 1977, Journal of morphology.

[53]  J. S. Nelson,et al.  Fishes of the world. , 1978 .

[54]  T. Carlson.  Use of Sound for Fish Protection at Power Facilities : A Historical Perspective of the State of the Art : Phase 1 Final Report. , 1994 .

[55]  W N Tavolga,et al.  Acoustic intensity limens in the goldfish. , 1967, Animal behaviour.

[56]  R. Iversen.  Auditory thresholds of the scombrid fish (Euthynnus affinis) with comments on the use of sound in tuna fishing , 1969 .

[57]  Anthony D. Hawkins,et al.  The hearing of the Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar , 1978 .

[58]  W. van Bergeijk,et al.  Lateral line canal organs on the head of Fundulus heteroclitus , 1962 .

[59]  W. Hoar.  The Behaviour of Juvenile Pacific Salmon, with Particular Reference to the Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) , 1954 .

[60]  R. Fay,et al.  Sound detection and processing by fish: critical review and major research questions. , 1993, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[61]  Ad. J. Kalmijn,et al.  Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Field Detection , 1988 .

[62]  S. Dijkgraaf.  THE FUNCTIONING and SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LATERAL‐LINE ORGANS , 1963, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[63]  J. T. Corwin,et al.  Morphology of the macula neglecta in sharks of the genus Carcharhinus , 1977, Journal of morphology.

[64]  Robert J. Urick,et al.  Principles of underwater sound , 1975 .

[65]  A. Popper.  Comparative scanning electron microscopic investigations of the sensory epithelia in the teleost sacculus and lagena , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[66]  R. Hoy.  The Evolution of Hearing in Insects as an Adaptation to Predation from Bats , 1992 .

[67]  James J. Anderson,et al.  Diverting Migrating Fish Past Turbines , 1988 .

[68]  Anthony D. Hawkins,et al.  The Hearing Abilities of Fish , 1981 .

[69]  J. Blaxter,et al.  Comparisons of herring behaviour in the light and dark: changes in activity and responses to sound , 1987, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[70]  Ad. J. Kalmijn,et al.  Detection of Weak Electric Fields , 1988 .

[71]  A. Johnstone,et al.  Some auditory discrimination experiments on marine fish. , 1974, The Journal of experimental biology.

[72]  R. Buwalda.  Segregation of Directional and Nondirectional Acoustic Information in the Cod , 1981 .

[73]  U. Buerkle.  An Audiogram of the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua L. , 1967 .

[74]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Mechanosensory Lateral Line , 1989 .

[75]  A. Popper,et al.  Growth of a fish ear: 1. Quantitative analysis of hair cell and ganglion cell proliferation , 1984, Hearing Research.

[76]  Acoustic distance discrimination by the cod , 1983, Nature.

[77]  B. Ryals,et al.  Hair cell regeneration after acoustic trauma in adult Coturnix quail. , 1988, Science.

[78]  A N Popper,et al.  Evolution of the ear and hearing: issues and questions. , 1997, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[79]  Stimulation of the Acoustico-Lateralis System of Clupeid Fish by External Sources and their Own Movements , 1993 .

[80]  J. F. George,et al.  Developing acoustic technologies for improving fish passage and protection in the Columbia River Basin : program rationale , 1995 .

[81]  Van Bergeijk Wa.  The evolution of vertebrate hearing. , 1967 .

[82]  G. T. Haymes,et al.  Exclusion of Adult Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus,Using Low-Frequency Sound for Application at Water Intakes , 1986 .

[83]  Arthur N. Popper,et al.  Functional Aspects of the Evolution of the Auditory System of Actinopterygian Fish , 1992 .

[84]  John R. Skalski,et al.  Effects of Sounds from a Geophysical Survey Device on Catch-per-Unit-Effort in a Hook-and-Line Fishery for Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) , 1992 .

[85]  C. Ruggles.  A Critical Review of Fish Exclusion and Diversion from Hydroelectric Turbine Intakes, with Special Reference to the Turners Falls Project on the Connecticut River , 1991 .

[86]  Olav Sand,et al.  The Lateral Line and Sound Reception , 1981 .

[87]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Microphonic potentials from the sacculus of a teleost fish , 1968 .

[88]  R. G. Goodall,et al.  Reactions of Juvenile Pacific Salmon to Light , 1957 .

[89]  D. Cotanche,et al.  Regeneration of sensory hair cells after acoustic trauma. , 1988, Science.

[90]  James J. Anderson.  A neural model for visual activation of startle behavior in fish , 1988 .

[91]  E. Denton,et al.  The Functional Anatomy and Development of the Swimbladder-Inner Ear-Lateral Line System in Herring and Sprat , 1976, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[92]  P. Webb.  Hydrodynamics and Energetics of Fish Propulsion , 1975 .

[93]  Gerard G. Harris,et al.  Evidence that the Lateral‐Line Organ Responds to Near‐Field Displacements of Sound Sources in Water , 1962 .

[94]  J. S. Nelson,et al.  Fishes of the World, 3rd Edition , 1994 .

[95]  R. Fay,et al.  Acoustic stimulation of the ear of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). , 1974, The Journal of experimental biology.

[96]  M. A. Breazeale,et al.  Underwater Acoustics Handbook , 1960 .

[97]  A. Popper,et al.  A clupeid fish can detect ultrasound , 1997, Nature.

[98]  J. Blaxter.  Sensory Performance, Behavior, and Ecology of Fish , 1988 .

[99]  G T Haymes,et al.  Alternative Fish Protective Techniques: Pneumatic Guns and Rope Nets , 1984 .

[100]  Andres von Brandt,et al.  Fish Catching Methods of the World , 1972 .

[101]  G. Arnold,et al.  RHEOTROPISM IN FISHES , 1974, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[102]  D. Johnson,et al.  Guiding Migrant Salmon by Light Repulsion and Attraction in Fast and Turbid Water , 1958 .

[103]  T J Carlson.  Use of sound for fish protection at power production facilities: A historical perspective of the state of the art , 1994 .

[104]  J Nissanov,et al.  Role of the Mauthner cell in sensorimotor integration by the brain stem escape network. , 1991, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[105]  J. Gray,et al.  Interaction of sound pressure and particle acceleration in the excitation of the lateral-line neuromasts of sprats , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[106]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Hearing in herring. , 1967, Comparative biochemistry and physiology.

[107]  B. Kynard.  Fish Behavior Important for Fish Passage , 1993 .

[108]  E. Schwartz.  Lateral-Line Mechano-Receptors in Fishes and Amphibians , 1974 .

[109]  A. Hudspeth,et al.  Hair cells: transduction, tuning, and transmission in the inner ear. , 1988, Annual review of cell biology.

[110]  H. E. Karlsen.  Infrasound Sensitivity in the Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa) , 1992 .

[111]  S. Coombs,et al.  Diversity of Lateral Line Systems: Evolutionary and Functional Considerations , 1988 .

[112]  Reducing Impingement of Alewives with High-Frequency Sound at a Power Plant Intake on Lake Ontario , 1996 .

[113]  H. E. Karlsen.  The Inner Ear is Responsible for Detection of Infrasound in the Perch (Perca Fluviatilis) , 1992 .

[114]  B. Kynard,et al.  Evaluation of a Bypass System for Spent American Shad at Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts , 1993 .

[115]  J. Blaxter.  The Swimbladder and Hearing , 1981 .

[116]  K Olsen,et al.  Evidence for localization of sound by fish in schools , 1975 .

[117]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Structure and Function in Teleost Auditory Systems , 1978 .

[118]  James J. Anderson,et al.  Review and design criteria of behavioral fish guidance systems , 1991 .

[119]  J Astrup,et al.  DETECTION OF INTENSE ULTRASOUND BY THE COD GADUS MORHUA , 1993 .

[120]  E. Wever.  The Evolution of Vertebrate Hearing , 1974 .

[121]  A. Popper.  Ultrastructure of the auditory regions in the inner ear of the lake whitefish. , 1976, Science.

[122]  J J Finneran,et al.  Effects of low-frequency underwater sound on hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line of the teleost fish Astronotus ocellatus. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[123]  J. G. Vanderwalker.  Response of Salmonids to Low Frequency Sound , 1967 .

[124]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  Neural mechanisms in sound detection and temporal summation , 1983, Hearing Research.

[125]  K. Frisch.  The Sense of Hearing in Fish , 1938, Nature.

[126]  D. H. Bennett,et al.  Effects of Underwater Sound Simulating the Intermediate Scale Measurement System on Fish and Zooplankton of Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho , 1994 .

[127]  John R. Skalski,et al.  Effects of Sounds from a Geophysical Survey Device on Behavior of Captive Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) , 1992 .

[128]  J. Gray,et al.  Some Observations on the Forces Acting on Neuromasts in Fish Lateral Line Canals , 1989 .

[129]  James J. Anderson,et al.  Response of Juvenile Coho and Chinook Salmon to Strobe and Mercury Vapor Lights , 1992 .

[130]  J. T. Hackett,et al.  Mauthner axon networks mediating supraspinal components of the startle response in the goldfish , 1983, Neuroscience.

[131]  Ad. J. Kalmijn,et al.  Functional Evolution of Lateral Line and Inner Ear Sensory Systems , 1989 .

[132]  P H Rogers,et al.  Processing of acoustic signals in the auditory system of bony fish. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[133]  Gene R. Ploskey,et al.  Development of an Operational, Full-Scale Fish Protection System at a Major Pumped-Storage Hydropower Dam , 1995 .

[134]  A. Popper,et al.  Encoding of acoustic directional information by saccular afferents of the sleeper goby, Dormitator latifrons , 1998, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[135]  Douglas D. Weber,et al.  Morphology and function of the lateral line of juvenile steelhead trout in relation to gas‐bubble disease* , 1976 .

[136]  J. T. Corwin,et al.  Audition in Elasmobranchs , 1981 .

[137]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Frequency Discrimination in Teleosts—Central or Peripheral? , 1981 .

[138]  Charles H. Hocutt,et al.  CHAPTER VII – BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS1 , 1980 .

[139]  Peter H. Rogers,et al.  Underwater Sound as a Biological Stimulus , 1988 .

[140]  Milo C Bell,et al.  Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria , 1990 .

[141]  R. Thorne,et al.  Response of Alewives to High-Frequency Sound at a Power Plant Intake on Lake Ontario , 1993 .

[142]  T. Carlson,et al.  The design, development and evaluation of surface oriented juvenile salmonid bypass systems on the Columbia River, USA , 1998 .

[143]  Horst Bleckmann,et al.  Prey Identification and Prey Localization in Surface-feeding Fish and Fishing Spiders , 1988 .

[144]  D. Carlström.  A CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF VERTEBRATE OTOLITHS , 1963 .

[145]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Avoidance responses to low frequency sound in downstream migrating Atlantic salmon smolt, Salmo salar , 1994 .

[146]  E. Borg,et al.  Morphology of Stereocilia on Cochlear Hair Cells after Noise Exposure , 1986 .

[147]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Morphology and Evolution of the Ear in Actinopterygian Fishes , 1982 .

[148]  Quentin J. Stober,et al.  Underwater Noise Spectra, Fish Sounds and Response to Low Frequencies of Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) with Reference to Orientation and Homing in Yellowstone Lake , 1969 .

[149]  A. Popper,et al.  Evolution of the Vertebrate Inner Ear: An Overview of Ideas , 1992 .

[150]  J. R. Stauffer,et al.  Responses of fish to a strobe light/ air-bubble barrier , 1985 .

[151]  A. Popper,et al.  Quantitative analyses of postembryonic hair cell addition in the otolithic endorgans of the inner ear of the european hake, merluccius merluccius (gadiformes, teleostei) , 1994, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[152]  R. Abbott.  Induced Aggregation of Pond‐Reared Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Through Acoustic Conditioning , 1972 .

[153]  J. Gray,et al.  Mechanical Factors in the Excitation of the Lateral Lines of Fishes , 1988 .

[154]  R. Fay,et al.  Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysics Databook , 1988 .

[155]  Relation of Pure Tone Thresholds to Background Noise Level in the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) , 1968 .

[156]  R. Fay.  Masking of tones by noise for the goldfish (Carassius auratus). , 1974, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[157]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes , 1981, Proceedings in Life Sciences.

[158]  Arthur A. Myrberg,et al.  Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes , 1981 .

[159]  Charles H. Clay,et al.  Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities , 1995 .

[160]  E. E. Suckling,et al.  Lateral Line as a Vibration Receptor , 1964 .

[161]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Evidence for an auditory function of the swimbladder in the cod. , 1973, The Journal of experimental biology.

[162]  R. Fay,et al.  Directional response properties of saccular afferents of the toadfish, Opsanus tau , 1997, Hearing Research.