Preparation and characterization of Eu: Ti codoped LiNbO3 films prepared by the sol-gel method

Europium (Eu3+) and titanium (Ti4+) codoped lithium niobate (LiNbO3; LN) thick films were deposited on z-cut congruent LiNbO3 (CLN) substrate by the sol-gel method from precursor solutions containing various Eu3+ concentration, 1.5 mol % Ti4+ and 0.10 mol dm−3 polyvinyl alcohol, and their crystal characteristics were evaluated. The Eu3+ and Ti4+ concentration in the LN film was controlled by the Eu3+ and Ti4+ concentration in the starting solution. The orientation relationships between Eu and Ti codoped LN (Eu:Ti:LN) films and CLN substrates were determined by x-ray diffraction, and (006) oriented Eu:Ti:LN films could be grown on the z-cut CLN substrate. The refractive indices of Eu3+ and Ti4+ codoped LN films decreased with increasing Eu3+ concentration. Refractive indices (ne) of these codoped LN films were higher than those of CLN substrate. Transmission losses of films were measured in the transverse magnetic mode. The transmission loss increased linearly from 0.09 to 0.21 dB/cm at 632.8 nm with incre...

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