Serum response factor micromanaging cardiogenesis.

Serum response factor (SRF), a cardiac-enriched transcription factor, is required for the appearance of beating sarcomeres in the heart. SRF may also direct the expression of microRNAs (miRs) that inhibit the expression of cardiac regulatory factors. The recent knockout of miR-1-2, an SRF gene target, showed defective heart development, caused in part by the induction of GATA6, Irx4/5, and Hand2, that may alter cardiac morphogenesis, channel activity, and cell cycling. SRF and cofactors play an obligatory role in cardiogenesis, as major determinants of myocyte differentiation not only by regulating the biogenesis of muscle contractile proteins but also by driving the expression of silencer miRNA.

[1]  A. Malhotra,et al.  Muscle-specific microRNA miR-206 promotes muscle differentiation , 2006, The Journal of cell biology.

[2]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  Dysregulation of Cardiogenesis, Cardiac Conduction, and Cell Cycle in Mice Lacking miRNA-1-2 , 2007, Cell.

[3]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Hop Is an Unusual Homeobox Gene that Modulates Cardiac Development , 2002, Cell.

[4]  Michael D. Schneider,et al.  Sizing up the heart: development redux in disease. , 2003, Genes & development.

[5]  M. Beckerle,et al.  Cysteine-rich LIM-only proteins CRP1 and CRP2 are potent smooth muscle differentiation cofactors. , 2003, Developmental cell.

[6]  E. Creemers,et al.  The myocardin family of transcriptional coactivators: versatile regulators of cell growth, migration, and myogenesis. , 2006, Genes & development.

[7]  J. Molkentin,et al.  Temporally Controlled Onset of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Through Disruption of the SRF Gene in Adult Heart , 2005, Circulation.

[8]  R. Markwald,et al.  Functional BMP receptor in endocardial cells is required in atrioventricular cushion mesenchymal cell formation in chick. , 2007, Developmental biology.

[9]  R. Myers,et al.  Serum response factor binding sites differ in three human cell types. , 2007, Genome research.

[10]  Edwin Cuppen,et al.  Diversity of microRNAs in human and chimpanzee brain , 2006, Nature Genetics.

[11]  Daniel J Garry,et al.  Identification of Direct Serum-response Factor Gene Targets during Me2SO-induced P19 Cardiac Cell Differentiation* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[12]  Jian-Fu Chen,et al.  The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation , 2006, Nature Genetics.

[13]  R. Treisman,et al.  Actin' together: serum response factor, its cofactors and the link to signal transduction. , 2006, Trends in cell biology.

[14]  Richard Treisman,et al.  Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element , 1988, Cell.

[15]  T. Lee,et al.  Displacement of BrdUrd-induced YY1 by serum response factor activates skeletal alpha-actin transcription in embryonic myoblasts. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  R. Misra,et al.  Expression of the Serum Response Factor Gene Is Regulated by Serum Response Factor Binding Sites* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  R. Waterston,et al.  Defining the transcriptional redundancy of early bodywall muscle development in C. elegans: evidence for a unified theory of animal muscle development. , 2006, Genes & development.

[18]  Xungang Tan,et al.  SmyD1, a histone methyltransferase, is required for myofibril organization and muscle contraction in zebrafish embryos , 2006 .

[19]  W. Pu,et al.  Morphogenesis of the right ventricle requires myocardial expression of Gata4. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[20]  Oliver Hobert,et al.  A microRNA controlling left/right neuronal asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans , 2003, Nature.

[21]  Jiang Chang,et al.  Inhibitory Cardiac Transcription Factor, SRF-N, Is Generated by Caspase 3 Cleavage in Human Heart Failure and Attenuated by Ventricular Unloading , 2003, Circulation.

[22]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Embryonic expression of an Nkx2‐5/Cre gene using ROSA26 reporter mice , 2001, Genesis.

[23]  V. Ambros,et al.  Mesodermally expressed Drosophila microRNA-1 is regulated by Twist and is required in muscles during larval growth. , 2005, Genes & development.

[24]  Yong Zhao,et al.  Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis , 2005, Nature.

[25]  C. Stoeckert,et al.  Defining the mammalian CArGome. , 2005, Genome research.

[26]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Combinatorial Expression of GATA4, Nkx2-5, and Serum Response Factor Directs Early Cardiac Gene Activity* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[27]  D. Ginty,et al.  Restricted inactivation of serum response factor to the cardiovascular system. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  M. Nemer,et al.  Transcriptional activation of BMP-4 and regulation of mammalian organogenesis by GATA-4 and -6. , 2003, Developmental biology.

[29]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Serum response factor MADS box serine-162 phosphorylation switches proliferation and myogenic gene programs. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  The microRNA miR-196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Shh in limb development , 2005, Nature.

[31]  Julius Brennecke,et al.  Denoising feedback loops by thresholding--a new role for microRNAs. , 2006, Genes & development.

[32]  F. Dietrich,et al.  Morphogenesis in skin is governed by discrete sets of differentially expressed microRNAs , 2006, Nature Genetics.

[33]  R. Russell,et al.  bantam Encodes a Developmentally Regulated microRNA that Controls Cell Proliferation and Regulates the Proapoptotic Gene hid in Drosophila , 2003, Cell.

[34]  V. Ambros.  The functions of animal microRNAs , 2004, Nature.

[35]  Xiaoxia Qi,et al.  Control of Stress-Dependent Cardiac Growth and Gene Expression by a MicroRNA , 2007, Science.

[36]  Anton J. Enright,et al.  Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S4 Tables S1 to S5 References and Notes Micrornas Regulate Brain Morphogenesis in Zebrafish , 2022 .

[37]  R. Plasterk,et al.  The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease. , 2006, Developmental cell.

[38]  Zhe Han,et al.  MicroRNA1 influences cardiac differentiation in Drosophila and regulates Notch signaling. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  B. Bruneau,et al.  Serum Response Factor, an Enriched Cardiac Mesoderm Obligatory Factor, Is a Downstream Gene Target for Tbx Genes* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Conditional Mutagenesis of the Murine Serum Response Factor Gene Blocks Cardiogenesis and the Transcription of Downstream Gene Targets* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[41]  R. Hajjar,et al.  Periostin induces proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiac repair , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[42]  R. Treisman,et al.  Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. , 1996, Current opinion in cell biology.

[43]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  R. Schwartz,et al.  LIM-only protein, CRP2, switched on smooth muscle gene activity in adult cardiac myocytes , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[45]  Harvey F Lodish,et al.  Myogenic factors that regulate expression of muscle-specific microRNAs. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  R. Schwartz,et al.  Myocardin Sumoylation Transactivates Cardiogenic Genes in Pluripotent 10T1/2 Fibroblasts , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[47]  D. Srivastava,et al.  Regulation of cardiac mesodermal and neural crest development by the bHLH transcription factor, dHAND , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[48]  B. Bruneau,et al.  The Homeodomain Transcription Factor Irx5 Establishes the Mouse Cardiac Ventricular Repolarization Gradient , 2005, Cell.