$X$ -Band Beacon-Receiver Array Evaporation Duct Height Estimation

Recent experimental campaigns provided the opportunity to measure radio wave propagation and atmospheric conditions with the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band beacon-receiver (XBBR) array system. The system consists of vertical arrays of transmitters and receivers for measuring the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band propagation. Measurements near the sea surface can be used to obtain information regarding the refractivity profile of the lower atmosphere. Since ducted propagation acts as a leaky waveguide, the vertical array elements in various transmit and receive height combinations effectively observe differing combinations of the modal components propagating in the duct, the use of multiple combinations improves the estimation of duct properties. The aforementioned measurement campaigns occurred near the coast of southern California; the SoCal 2013 experiment and the Scripps Pier Campaign. During both campaigns, the propagation loss recorded at each of the receivers from each of the transmitters, standardized by the total received power, was compared to variable terrain radio parabolic equation model predictions in order to estimate the evaporation duct height (EDH). Point meteorological data were recorded and used with the Navy Atmospheric Vertical Surface Layer Model to obtain <italic>in situ</italic> measurements of the EDH. Comparisons show strong correlation between EDH values inferred from XBBR measurements and meteorological information.

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