Nanocrystalline oxide supercapacitors

Abstract Two sets of SnO 2 -based supercapacitors (SCs) were synthesized and characterized. The first set, typical of double-layer (DL) capacitance, comprises Sb-doped SnO 2 nanocrystallites synthesized by a sol–gel process. A surface-grafting technique was introduced to delay grain coarsening, giving rise to a maximum capacitance in 1 M KOH (aq) of 16 F g −1 (or 64 F cm −3 ). The second set includes composite electrodes consisting of nanocrystalline SnO 2 and RuO 2 or Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystallites, which are known to exhibit pseudocapacitance. Fe 3 O 4 SnO 2 composite electrodes exhibiting a capacitance of 33 F g −1 (or ∼130 F cm −3 ), at a voltage-sweeping rate of 50 mV s −1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4(aq) were demonstrated.

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