A modelling approach to multi-domain traceability

Traceability is an important concern in projects that span different engineering domains. Traceability can also be mandated, exploited and man- aged across the engineering lifecycle, and may involve defining connections between heterogeneous models. As a result, traceability can be considered to be multi-domain. This thesis introduces the concept and challenges of multi-domain trace- ability and explains how it can be used to support typical traceability scenarios. It proposes a model-based approach to develop a traceability solution which effectively operates across multiple engineering domains. The approach introduced a collection of tasks and structures which address the identified challenges for a traceability solution in multi-domain projects. The proposed approach demonstrates that modelling principles and MDE techniques can help to address current challenges and consequently improve the effectiveness of a multi-domain traceability solution. A prototype of the required tooling to support the approach is implemented with EMF and atop Epsilon; it consists of an implementation of the proposed structures (models) and model management operations to sup- port traceability. Moreover, the approach is illustrated in the context of two safety-critical projects where multi-domain traceability is required to underpin certification arguments.

[1]  Genny Tortora,et al.  Can Information Retrieval Techniques Effectively Support Traceability Link Recovery? , 2006, 14th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC'06).

[2]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  Information Retrieval Methods for Automated Traceability Recovery , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[3]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Process-centered review of object oriented software development methodologies , 2008, CSUR.

[4]  B. Gruschko Towards Synchronizing Models with Evolving Metamodels , 2007 .

[5]  Holger Giese,et al.  Dynamic hierarchical mega models: comprehensive traceability and its efficient maintenance , 2010, Software & Systems Modeling.

[6]  Denys Poshyvanyk,et al.  When and how to visualize traceability links? , 2005, TEFSE '05.

[7]  Atul Prakash,et al.  Support for Reusability in Genesis , 1988, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[8]  Mehrdad Sabetzadeh,et al.  Traceability in viewpoint merging: a model management perspective , 2005, TEFSE '05.

[9]  Juan Garbajosa,et al.  A Proposal for Defining a Set of Basic Items for Project-Specific Traceability Methodologies , 2008, 2008 32nd Annual IEEE Software Engineering Workshop.

[10]  Ian F. Alexander,et al.  A Taxonomy of Stakeholders: Human Roles in System Development , 2005, Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact..

[11]  Colin Potts,et al.  Recording the reasons for design decisions , 1988, Proceedings. [1989] 11th International Conference on Software Engineering.

[12]  Kasper Østerbye,et al.  The flag taxonomy of open hypermedia systems , 1996, HYPERTEXT '96.

[13]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  AMW: a generic model weaver , 2005 .

[14]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  On the Equivalence of Information Retrieval Methods for Automated Traceability Link Recovery , 2010, 2010 IEEE 18th International Conference on Program Comprehension.

[15]  Juan Garbajosa,et al.  A study to support agile methods more effectively through traceability , 2011, Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering.

[16]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  ATL: a QVT-like transformation language , 2006, OOPSLA '06.

[17]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Toward improved traceability of non-functional requirements , 2005, TEFSE '05.

[18]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Update Transformations in the Small with the Epsilon Wizard Language , 2007, J. Object Technol..

[19]  Genny Tortora,et al.  Enhancing an artefact management system with traceability recovery features , 2004, 20th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, 2004. Proceedings..

[20]  Arnaud Albinet,et al.  Requirement traceability in safety critical systems , 2010, EDCC-CARS.

[21]  Juan de Lara,et al.  transML: a family of languages to model model transformations , 2010, MODELS'10.

[22]  Matt Zandstra,et al.  Version Control with Subversion , 2010 .

[23]  Yolande Berbers,et al.  Constructing and Visualizing Transformation Chains , 2008, ECMDA-FA.

[24]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  On the Need for Megamodels , 2004, OOPSLA 2004.

[25]  Bashar Nuseibeh,et al.  Requirements engineering: a roadmap , 2000, ICSE '00.

[26]  Gabriele Bavota,et al.  Using code ownership to improve IR-based Traceability Link Recovery , 2013, 2013 21st International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC).

[27]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Merging models with the epsilon merging language (EML) , 2006, MoDELS'06.

[28]  Mikael Lindvall,et al.  Practical Implications of Traceability , 1996, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[29]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  High-integrity agile processes for the development of safety critical software , 2011, Int. J. Crit. Comput. Based Syst..

[30]  Anneke Kleppe,et al.  MDA explained - the Model Driven Architecture: practice and promise , 2003, Addison Wesley object technology series.

[31]  Jonathan I. Maletic,et al.  Using Fine-Grained Differencing to Evolve Traceability Links , 2007 .

[32]  Dr. Hossein Saiedian,et al.  The Importance of Traceability Why Software Requirements Traceability Remains a Challenge , .

[33]  Matthias Jarke,et al.  Information Systems Quality and Quality Informations Systems , 1992, The Impact of Computer Supported Technologies in Information Systems Development.

[34]  Wouter Joosen,et al.  UniTI: a unified transformation infrastructure , 2007, MODELS'07.

[35]  Licia Capra,et al.  xlinkit: a consistency checking and smart link generation service , 2002, TOIT.

[36]  Richard N. Taylor,et al.  Automated Techniques for Capturing Custom Traceability Links Across Heterogeneous Artifacts , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[37]  Andrian Marcus,et al.  Recovering documentation-to-source-code traceability links using latent semantic indexing , 2003, 25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings..

[38]  Genny Tortora,et al.  IR-Based Traceability Recovery Processes: An Empirical Comparison of "One-Shot" and Incremental Processes , 2008, 2008 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.

[39]  Klaus Pohl,et al.  PRO-ART: enabling requirements pre-traceability , 1996, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Requirements Engineering.

[40]  Stefan Biffl,et al.  Value-Based Requirements Traceability: Lessons Learned , 2007, 15th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2007).

[41]  J.-L. Boulanger,et al.  The MeMVaTEx methodology: from requirements to models in automotive application design , 2008 .

[42]  Depaul,et al.  Dynamically Tracing Non-Functional Requirements through Design Pattern Invariants , 2003 .

[43]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  The Epsilon Object Language (EOL) , 2006, ECMDA-FA.

[44]  Jens von Pilgrim,et al.  A survey of traceability in requirements engineering and model-driven development , 2010, Software & Systems Modeling.

[45]  Richard N. Taylor,et al.  Software traceability with topic modeling , 2010, 2010 ACM/IEEE 32nd International Conference on Software Engineering.

[46]  Andrea Zisman,et al.  Rule-based generation of requirements traceability relations , 2004, J. Syst. Softw..

[47]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Enhanced Automation for Managing Model and Metamodel Inconsistency , 2009, 2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.

[48]  Samuel Ajila,et al.  Using traceability mechanisms to support software product line evolution , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration, 2004. IRI 2004..

[49]  Tim Kelly,et al.  Software safety assurance - what is sufficient? , 2009, ICONS 2009.

[50]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Automated classification of non-functional requirements , 2007, Requirements Engineering.

[51]  Dewayne E. Perry,et al.  Recovering and using use-case-diagram-to-source-code traceability links , 2007, ESEC-FSE '07.

[52]  Andrea Zisman,et al.  Supporting product line development through traceability , 2005, 12th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC'05).

[53]  David C. Brown,et al.  Software Engineering Using RATionale , 2008, J. Syst. Softw..

[54]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Utilizing supporting evidence to improve dynamic requirements traceability , 2005, 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE'05).

[55]  Tim Kelly,et al.  The Goal Structuring Notation – A Safety Argument Notation , 2004 .

[56]  Hermann Kaindl,et al.  Tracing All Around in Reengineering , 2002, IEEE Softw..

[57]  Matthias Jarke,et al.  Toward Reference Models of Requirements Traceability , 2001, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[58]  Jon Oldevik,et al.  Improving Traceability in Model-Driven Development of Business Applications , 2007 .

[59]  V. Haarslev,et al.  An Ontology-based Approach for Traceability Recovery , 2006 .

[60]  Matthias Weber,et al.  Requirements for requirements management tools , 2004, Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2004..

[61]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  An Iterative Approach for Development of Safety-Critical Software and Safety Arguments , 2010, 2010 Agile Conference.

[62]  Sooyong Park,et al.  A Non-functional Requirements Traceability Management Method Based on Architectural Patterns , 2011 .

[63]  Mehrdad Sabetzadeh,et al.  Characterizing the Chain of Evidence for Software Safety Cases: A Conceptual Model Based on the IEC 61508 Standard , 2010, 2010 Third International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation.

[64]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Tracing Non-Functional Requirements , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[65]  Olga Ormandjieva,et al.  Towards an Aspect-Oriented Software Development Model with Tractability Mechanism , 2006 .

[66]  Bedir Tekinerdogan,et al.  Metamodel for Tracing Concerns Across the Life Cycle , 2007, EA@AOSD.

[67]  Alexander Delater,et al.  Improved representation of traceability links in requirements engineering knowledge using Sunburst and Netmap visualizations , 2011, 2011 4th International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge.

[68]  Clémentine Nebut,et al.  Towards a Traceability Framework for Model Transformations in Kermeta , 2006 .

[69]  Mark Neal,et al.  Why and how of requirements tracing , 1994, IEEE Software.

[70]  Patrick Mäder,et al.  Trace Queries for Safety Requirements in High Assurance Systems , 2012, REFSQ.

[71]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  Towards a precise definition of the OMG/MDA framework , 2001, Proceedings 16th Annual International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2001).

[72]  Raymond McCall,et al.  Rationale Management in Software Engineering , 2006 .

[73]  Juan Garbajosa Sopeña,et al.  Tackling Traceability Challenges through Modeling Principles in Methodologies Underpinned by Metamodels. , 2008, CEE-SET 2008.

[74]  S. Winkler On Usability in Requirements Trace Visualizations , 2008, 2008 Requirements Engineering Visualization.

[75]  Kenneth M. Anderson,et al.  Towards large-scale information integration , 2002, ICSE '02.

[76]  Mordechai Nisenson,et al.  A Traceability Technique for Specifications , 2008, 2008 16th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension.

[77]  Ian Spence,et al.  Traceability Strategies for Managing Requirements with Use Cases , 2001 .

[78]  李正典,et al.  CONCORDANCE , 1982, The Lancet.

[79]  Tim Kelly,et al.  Process and product certification arguments: getting the balance right , 2006, SIGBED.

[80]  Holger Giese,et al.  Traceability in Model-Driven Engineering: Efficient and Scalable Traceability Maintenance , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[81]  Arne Sølvberg,et al.  Domain Engineering , 2013, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[82]  Ajantha Dahanayake,et al.  Introducing non-functional requirements in UML , 2003 .

[83]  Kenneth M. Anderson,et al.  A Framework for Mapping Traceability Relationships , 2003 .

[84]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  On the Evolution of OCL for Capturing Structural Constraints in Modelling Languages , 2009, Rigorous Methods for Software Construction and Analysis.

[85]  Udo Kelter,et al.  Tracing Model Elements , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance.

[86]  Aneesh Krishna,et al.  Extending UML with Non-functional Requirements Modelling , 2010, ISD.

[87]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Using tactic traceability information models to reduce the risk of architectural degradation during system maintenance , 2011, 2011 27th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM).

[88]  Dimitrios S. Kolovos,et al.  Establishing Correspondences between Models with the Epsilon Comparison Language , 2009, ECMDA-FA.

[89]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Building Model-Driven Engineering Traceability Classifications , 2008 .

[90]  Ståle Walderhaug,et al.  Towards a Generic Solution for Traceability in MDD , 2006 .

[91]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  Traceability and Provenance Issues in Global Model Management , 2007 .

[92]  Emden R. Gansner,et al.  Graphviz and Dynagraph – Static and Dynamic Graph Drawing Tools , 2003 .

[93]  Robyn R. Lutz,et al.  Engineering for Safety : A Roadmap , 2001 .

[94]  Ethan V. Munson,et al.  Using a Hypertext Model for Traceability Link Conformance Analysis , 2003 .

[95]  Reiko Heckel,et al.  Consistency-Preserving Model Evolution through Transformations , 2002, UML.

[96]  Paul Clements,et al.  ATAM: Method for Architecture Evaluation , 2000 .

[97]  Dániel Varró,et al.  The model transformation language of the VIATRA2 framework , 2007, Sci. Comput. Program..

[98]  Terence Parr The Definitive ANTLR Reference: Building Domain-Specific Languages , 2007 .

[99]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  Improving IR-based Traceability Recovery Using Smoothing Filters , 2011, 2011 IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension.

[100]  Philip A. Bernstein,et al.  Merging Models Based on Given Correspondences , 2003, VLDB.

[101]  Joachim Bayer,et al.  Introducing Traceability to Product Lines , 2001, PFE.

[102]  Richard N. Taylor,et al.  An end-to-end industrial software traceability tool , 2007, ESEC-FSE '07.

[103]  Carl K. Chang,et al.  Automating speculative queries through event-based requirements traceability , 2002, Proceedings IEEE Joint International Conference on Requirements Engineering.

[104]  Louis M. Rose Structures and processes for managing model-metamodel co-evolution , 2011 .

[105]  Ipek Ozkaya,et al.  Representing Requirement Relationships , 2006, 2006 First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Visualization (REV'06 - RE'06 Workshop).

[106]  Mirko Seifert,et al.  Derivation and Refinement of Textual Syntax for Models , 2009, ECMDA-FA.

[107]  P. B. Henderson The role of modeling in software engineering education , 2003, 33rd Annual Frontiers in Education, 2003. FIE 2003..

[108]  Frédéric Jouault Loosely Coupled Traceability for ATL , 2005 .

[109]  Hans H. Kron,et al.  Programming-in-the-Large Versus Programming-in-the-Small , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[110]  Jon Oldevik,et al.  Traceability in Model to Text Transformations , 2006 .

[111]  Rick Salay,et al.  Using Macromodels to Manage Collections of Related Models , 2009, CAiSE.

[112]  Bedir Tekinerdogan,et al.  Modeling Traceability of Concerns for Synchronizing Architectural Views , 2007, J. Object Technol..

[113]  Andy Evans,et al.  Transformation Language Design: A Metamodelling Foundation , 2004, ICGT.

[114]  A. Finkelstein,et al.  A comedy of errors: the London Ambulance Service case study , 1996, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Software Specification and Design.

[115]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  The Epsilon Generation Language , 2008, ECMDA-FA.

[116]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Adding Spreadsheets to the MDE Toolkit , 2013, MoDELS.

[117]  Roelf J. Wieringa,et al.  An Introduction to Requirements Traceability , 1995 .

[118]  Giuliano Antoniol,et al.  Traceability Fundamentals , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[119]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Engineering a DSL for Software Traceability , 2009, SLE.

[120]  Jonathan I. Maletic,et al.  Mining software repositories for traceability links , 2007, 15th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC '07).

[121]  Klaus Pohl,et al.  Adapting traceability environments to project-specific needs , 1998, CACM.

[122]  Walt Scacchi,et al.  2009 17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference , 2009 .

[123]  Jonathan I. Maletic,et al.  TQL: A query language to support traceability , 2009, 2009 ICSE Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering.

[124]  Klaus Pohl,et al.  Process-Centered Requirements Engineering , 1996 .

[125]  Tim Kelly,et al.  INVESTIGATING THE USE OF ARGUMENT MODULARITY TO OPTIMISE THROUGH-LIFE SYSTEM SAFETY ASSURANCE , 2008 .

[126]  Tim Kelly,et al.  Arguing Safety - A Systematic Approach to Managing Safety Cases , 1998 .

[127]  Karl A. Smith,et al.  How to Model It: Problem Solving for the Computer Age , 1994 .

[128]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  The Epsilon Transformation Language , 2008, ICMT@TOOLS.

[129]  Richard Stevens,et al.  Requirements Traceability , 1997, RE.

[130]  Genny Tortora,et al.  Assessing IR-based traceability recovery tools through controlled experiments , 2009, Empirical Software Engineering.

[131]  Gail C. Murphy,et al.  Predicting source code changes by mining change history , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[132]  Hannes Schwarz,et al.  Towards Querying of Traceability Information in the Context of Software Evolution , 2008, Workshop Software Reengineering.

[133]  Ilka Philippow,et al.  Enabling Automated Traceability Maintenance by Recognizing Development Activities Applied to Models , 2008, 2008 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.

[134]  Joseph A. Goguen,et al.  An Object-Oriented Tool for Tracing Requirements , 1996, IEEE Softw..

[135]  Paul Mason,et al.  Meta-modelling approach to traceability for avionics: a framework for managing the engineering of computer based aerospace systems , 2003, 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, 2003. Proceedings..

[136]  Hazeline U. Asuncion Towards practical software traceability , 2008, ICSE Companion.

[137]  Roy Grønmo,et al.  Toward Standardised Model to Text Transformations , 2005, ECMDA-FA.

[138]  Luiz Marcio Cysneiros,et al.  Evaluating the Effectiveness of Using Catalogues to Elicit Non-Functional Requirements , 2007, WER.

[139]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  On the Use of Higher-Order Model Transformations , 2009, ECMDA-FA.

[140]  Esperanza Marcos,et al.  Model-Driven Engineering as a new landscape for traceability management: A systematic literature review , 2012, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[141]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Designing a Domain-Specific Contract Language: A Metamodelling Approach , 2005, ECMDA-FA.

[142]  Stefan Biffl,et al.  Determining the cost-quality trade-off for automated software traceability , 2005, ASE.

[143]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Towards a Multi-Domain Model-Driven Traceability Approach , 2013, MPM@MoDELS.

[144]  Collin McMillan,et al.  Combining textual and structural analysis of software artifacts for traceability link recovery , 2009, 2009 ICSE Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering.

[145]  Susan Elliott Sim,et al.  Cross-artifact traceability using lightweight links , 2009, 2009 ICSE Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering.

[146]  Ilka Philippow,et al.  Getting back to basics: Promoting the use of a traceability information model in practice , 2009, 2009 ICSE Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering.

[147]  Jean Bézivin,et al.  A Canonical Scheme for Model Composition , 2006, ECMDA-FA.

[148]  Genny Tortora,et al.  Recovering traceability links in software artifact management systems using information retrieval methods , 2007, TSEM.

[149]  Antony Tang,et al.  A rationale-based architecture model for design traceability and reasoning , 2007, J. Syst. Softw..

[150]  Patrick Mäder,et al.  Acquiring Tool Support for Traceability , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[151]  Alexander Egyed,et al.  Supporting Software Understanding with Automated Requirements Traceability , 2005, Int. J. Softw. Eng. Knowl. Eng..

[152]  Giuliano Antoniol,et al.  Recovering Traceability Links between Code and Documentation , 2002, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[153]  Andrea Zisman,et al.  Software and Systems Traceability , 2012, Springer London.

[154]  Muhammad Ali Babar,et al.  A comparative study of architecture knowledge management tools , 2010, J. Syst. Softw..

[155]  Krzysztof Czarnecki,et al.  Feature-based survey of model transformation approaches , 2006, IBM Syst. J..

[156]  Giuliano Antoniol,et al.  The Grand Challenge of Traceability (v1.0) , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[157]  Klaus Schmid,et al.  Requirements management for product lines: extending professional tools , 2006, 10th International Software Product Line Conference (SPLC'06).

[158]  Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite,et al.  Nonfunctional requirements: from elicitation to conceptual models , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[159]  J. Dick Rich Traceability , 2002 .

[160]  Anne Persson,et al.  Requirements Interdependencies: State of the Art and Future Challenges , 2005 .

[161]  George Spanoudakis,et al.  Software Traceability : A Roadmap , 2005 .

[162]  Axel Korthaus,et al.  The Role of Metamodeling in Model-Driven Development , 2004 .

[163]  Ilka Philippow,et al.  Motivation Matters in the Traceability Trenches , 2009, 2009 17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference.

[164]  Jane Cleland-Huang Just Enough Requirements Traceability , 2006, COMPSAC.

[165]  Neil A. M. Maiden,et al.  What influences the requirements process in industry? A report on industrial practice , 2005, 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE'05).

[166]  Jane Huffman Hayes,et al.  Helping analysts trace requirements: an objective look , 2004, Proceedings. 12th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2004..

[167]  Hannes Schwarz,et al.  Graph-based Traceability – A Comprehensive Approach , 2009 .

[168]  Arda Goknil,et al.  Survey of Traceability Approaches in Model-Driven Engineering , 2007, 11th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2007).

[169]  Andrea Zisman Using Rules for Traceability Creation , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[170]  Ilka Philippow,et al.  Customizing Traceability Links for the Unified Process , 2007, QoSA.

[171]  Stefan Biffl,et al.  A case study on value-based requirements tracing , 2005, ESEC/FSE-13.

[172]  Waraporn Jirapanthong Techniques and Approaches for Developing Software Product Line , 2007, Software Engineering Research and Practice.

[173]  Richard A. Harshman,et al.  Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis , 1990, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[174]  Jonathan I. Maletic,et al.  An XML based approach to support the evolution of model-to-model traceability links , 2005, TEFSE '05.

[175]  B. Ramesh,et al.  Issues in the development of a requirements traceability model , 1993, [1993] Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering.

[176]  Ilka Philippow,et al.  Rule-Based Maintenance of Post-Requirements Traceability Relations , 2008, 2008 16th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference.

[177]  Oussama Ben Khadra,et al.  Goal-centric traceability for managing non-functional requirements , 2005, Proceedings. 27th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2005. ICSE 2005..

[178]  Douglas C. Schmidt,et al.  Guest Editor's Introduction: Model-Driven Engineering , 2006, Computer.

[179]  Kent L. Beck,et al.  Extreme programming explained - embrace change , 1990 .

[180]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Phrasing in Dynamic Requirements Trace Retrieva , 2006, 30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC'06).

[181]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Poirot: A Distributed Tool Supporting Enterprise-Wide Automated Traceability , 2006, 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'06).

[182]  Ed Seidewitz,et al.  What Models Mean , 2003, IEEE Softw..

[183]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Improving automated requirements trace retrieval: a study of term-based enhancement methods , 2010, Empirical Software Engineering.

[184]  Maya Daneva,et al.  A Metamodel for Tracing Non-functional Requirements , 2009, 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering.

[185]  Scott W. Ambler,et al.  Agile modeling: effective practices for extreme programming and the unified process , 2002 .

[186]  Giuliano Antoniol,et al.  Maintaining traceability links during object‐oriented software evolution , 2001, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[187]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  Improving IR‐based traceability recovery via noun‐based indexing of software artifacts , 2013, J. Softw. Evol. Process..

[188]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  Querying the Semantic Web with Racer + nRQL , 2004 .

[189]  Carl K. Chang,et al.  Event-Based Traceability for Managing Evolutionary Change , 2003, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[190]  Ivan Kurtev,et al.  Adaptability of model transformations , 2005 .

[191]  Dimitrios S. Kolovos,et al.  An extensible platform for specification of integrated languages for model management , 2008 .

[192]  Mary Beth Chrissis,et al.  CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement , 2003 .

[193]  J. Ziegler,et al.  Graph-based Visualization of Requirements Relationships , 2008, 2008 Requirements Engineering Visualization.

[194]  Jane Cleland-Huang,et al.  Visualization and Analysis in Automated Trace Retrieval , 2006, 2006 First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Visualization (REV'06 - RE'06 Workshop).

[195]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  Eclipse Development Tools for Epsilon , 2006 .

[196]  Olly Gotel,et al.  An analysis of the requirements traceability problem , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering.

[197]  Jane Huffman Hayes,et al.  Humans in the traceability loop: can't live with 'em, can't live without 'em , 2005, TEFSE '05.

[198]  Hoyt Lougee,et al.  SOFTWARE CONSIDERATIONS IN AIRBORNE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION , 2001 .

[199]  Paul Mason On traceability for safety critical systems engineering , 2005, 12th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC'05).

[200]  Jane Cleland-Huang Traceability in Agile Projects , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[201]  Jon Oldevik,et al.  Scenarios of Traceability in Model to Text Transformations , 2007, ECMDA-FA.

[202]  Jane Huffman Hayes,et al.  Advancing candidate link generation for requirements tracing: the study of methods , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[203]  Martin F. Porter,et al.  An algorithm for suffix stripping , 1997, Program.

[204]  Nikolaos Matragkas Establishing and maintaining semantically rich traceability : a metamodelling approach , 2011 .

[205]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  Incremental Approach and User Feedbacks: a Silver Bullet for Traceability Recovery , 2006, 2006 22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance.

[206]  Jane Huffman Hayes,et al.  Improving requirements tracing via information retrieval , 2003, Proceedings. 11th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2003..

[207]  Julia Rubin,et al.  Model traceability , 2006, IBM Syst. J..

[208]  Bashar Nuseibeh,et al.  Expressing the relationships between multiple views in requirements specification , 1993, ICSE '93.

[209]  Patrick Mäder,et al.  A visual traceability modeling language , 2010, MODELS'10.

[210]  Juan Garbajosa,et al.  Analyzing and Systematizing Current Traceability Schemas , 2006, 2006 30th Annual IEEE/NASA Software Engineering Workshop.

[211]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  EUnit: a unit testing framework for model management tasks , 2011, MODELS'11.

[212]  Andraž Cej,et al.  Agile software development with Scrum , 2010 .

[213]  M M Lehman,et al.  Software Evolution , 2002 .

[214]  Tom Mens,et al.  A Framework for Managing Consistency of Evolving UML Models , 2005 .

[215]  Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology , 1990 .

[216]  Rick Salay,et al.  Managing Models through Macromodeling , 2008, 2008 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.

[217]  Paul Clements,et al.  Software architecture in practice , 1999, SEI series in software engineering.

[218]  Nicolas Anquetil,et al.  A model-driven traceability framework for software product lines , 2010, Software & Systems Modeling.

[219]  Richard F. Paige,et al.  A state-based approach to traceability maintenance , 2010, ECMFA-TW '10.

[220]  Yang Li,et al.  Which Traceability Visualization Is Suitable in This Context? A Comparative Study , 2012, REFSQ.

[221]  Patricio Letelier A Framework for Requirements Traceability in UML-based Projects , 2002 .

[222]  Raffaella Settimi,et al.  Supporting software evolution through dynamically retrieving traces to UML artifacts , 2004, Proceedings. 7th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2004..

[223]  Jochen Ludewig,et al.  Models in software engineering - an introduction , 2004, Informatik Forschung und Entwicklung.

[224]  Dirk Deridder,et al.  A practical approach to multi-modeling views composition , 2009, Electron. Commun. Eur. Assoc. Softw. Sci. Technol..

[225]  Carl K. Chang,et al.  Supporting event based traceability through high-level recognition of change events , 2002, Proceedings 26th Annual International Computer Software and Applications.

[226]  Richard N. Taylor,et al.  ArchStudio 4: An Architecture-Based Meta-Modeling Environment , 2007, 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'07 Companion).

[227]  Xiaoping Jia,et al.  An Agile Approach to Captur ing Requirements and Traceability , 2003 .

[228]  Andrea De Lucia,et al.  On integrating orthogonal information retrieval methods to improve traceability recovery , 2011, 2011 27th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM).

[229]  Claire Ingram,et al.  Cost-Benefits of Traceability , 2012, Software and Systems Traceability.

[230]  Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite,et al.  Eliciting Multi-Agent Systems Intentionality: from Language Extended Lexicon to i* Models , 2007, XXVI International Conference of the Chilean Society of Computer Science (SCCC'07).