In vitro bioactivity of newly introduced dual-cured resin-modified calcium silicate cement

Background: This study was designed to investigate the in vitro bioactivity of a new dual cured calcium silicate cement (TheraCal PT) compared to its light cured (TheraCal LC) and chemically set (Biodentine) counterparts. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro original research article. Prepared cements discs were immersed in deionized water. Ca2+ release was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry while pH was assessed using a pH meter after 1, 14, and 28 days. Discs for surface characterization were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX), immediately after setting and at 1, 14, and 28 days intervals after that. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed after setting and after 28 days storage in PBS. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way repeated measure analysis of variance test followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). Results: Biodentine exhibited the highest mean values for Ca2+ release (792,639,278 ppm) and pH (10.99, 12.7, 11.54) at all time intervals. ESEM/EDX displayed a continuous layer of calcium phosphate formed by Biodentine and TheraCal LC while TheraCal PT developed scarce interrupted precipitates after immersion in PBS. ATR/FTIR and Raman spectroscopy for the formed precipitates confirmed the presence of phosphate and Ca (OH) 2 in Biodentine, TheraCal LC and TheraCal PT. Conclusion: TheraCal PT exhibited limited in vitro bioactivity which may limit its prognosis in clinical applications for vital pulp therapy. TheraCal LC is considered a potential bioactive calcium silicate cement despite its lower Ca2+ release compared to Biodentine. Highest bioactivity was observed in Biodentine.

[1]  A. Ginjeira,et al.  Effect of different manipulations on the physical, chemical and microstructural characteristics of Biodentine. , 2021, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.

[2]  C. López-Ginés,et al.  Cytocompatibility and bioactive properties of the new dual-curing resin-modified calcium silicate-based material for vital pulp therapy , 2021, Clinical Oral Investigations.

[3]  M. Akcay,et al.  Clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluation of three different pulp-capping materials in indirect pulp treatment of primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial , 2021, Clinical Oral Investigations.

[4]  Cem Peskersoy,et al.  Efficacy of different calcium silicate materials as pulp-capping agents: Randomized clinical trial , 2020, Journal of dental sciences.

[5]  L. Fiorillo,et al.  Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Applications in Endodontics: A Review , 2020, European Journal of Dentistry.

[6]  E. A. Bortoluzzi,et al.  Physical-Mechanical Properties of a Resin-Modified Calcium Silicate Material for Pulp Capping. , 2020, Brazilian dental journal.

[7]  B. Van Meerbeek,et al.  Cytotoxicity and Bioactivity of Dental Pulp-Capping Agents towards Human Tooth-Pulp Cells: A Systematic Review of In-Vitro Studies and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trials , 2020, Materials.

[8]  C. Carbonaro,et al.  Defect Related Emission in Calcium Hydroxide: The Controversial Band at 780 cm−1 , 2020, Crystals.

[9]  M. Girsova,et al.  Infrared Spectroscopy of Bismuth-Containing Composites Based on Porous High-Silica Glass , 2020, Glass Physics and Chemistry.

[10]  Monika Lukomska-Szymanska,et al.  Bio-Inductive Materials in Direct and Indirect Pulp Capping—A Review Article , 2020, Materials.

[11]  P. Cooper,et al.  The role of calcium ion release on biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of hydraulic cements , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[12]  D. Dodoo‐Arhin,et al.  Experimental data on the characterization of hydroxyapatite synthesized from biowastes , 2019, Data in brief.

[13]  P. Taddei,et al.  Spectroscopic and morphological data assessing the apatite forming ability of calcium hydroxide-releasing materials for pulp capping , 2019, Data in brief.

[14]  Naji Ziad Arandi,et al.  TheraCal LC: From Biochemical and Bioactive Properties to Clinical Applications , 2018, International journal of dentistry.

[15]  P. Dummer,et al.  Mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioactive endodontic cements: an updated overview - part I: vital pulp therapy. , 2018, International endodontic journal.

[16]  N. Shah,et al.  Biocompatibility and sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as root-end filling material: A systematic review , 2018, Journal of conservative dentistry : JCD.

[17]  L. Walsh,et al.  Classification and Nomenclature of Commercial Hygroscopic Dental Cements , 2017, European endodontic journal.

[18]  M. Kaur,et al.  MTA versus Biodentine: Review of Literature with a Comparative Analysis. , 2017, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[19]  K. Orhan,et al.  Evaluation of Calcium (Ca2+) and Hydroxide (OH–) Ion Diffusion Rates of Indirect Pulp Capping Materials , 2017, The International journal of artificial organs.

[20]  E. Reynolds,et al.  Calcium silicate‐based cements: composition, properties, and clinical applications , 2017, Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry.

[21]  O. B. de Oliveira,et al.  Enhanced bioactive properties of BiodentineTM modified with bioactive glass nanoparticles , 2017, Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB.

[22]  J. Gutmann,et al.  Calcium silicate-based cements and functional impacts of various constituents. , 2017, Dental materials journal.

[23]  T. Okiji,et al.  Evaluation of the Ca ion release, pH and surface apatite formation of a prototype tricalcium silicate cement , 2017, International endodontic journal.

[24]  Z. Duymus,et al.  Evaluation of the bond strength of different adhesive agents to a resin-modified calcium silicate material (TheraCal LC). , 2016, Scanning.

[25]  I. Vorona,et al.  Nature of some features in Raman spectra of hydroxyapatite‐containing materials , 2016 .

[26]  C. Cutler,et al.  Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of silicate calcium cements as potential protective materials for pulpal revascularization. , 2015, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.

[27]  Hassan Gheisari,et al.  A novel hydroxyapatite –Hardystonite nanocomposite ceramic , 2015 .

[28]  J. Camilleri.  Mineral trioxide aggregate: present and future developments , 2015 .

[29]  M. Gandolfi,et al.  Calcium silicate bioactive cements: Biological perspectives and clinical applications. , 2015, Dental Materials.

[30]  F. Riccitiello,et al.  Calcium Silicate and Calcium Hydroxide Materials for Pulp Capping: Biointeractivity, Porosity, Solubility and Bioactivity of Current Formulations , 2015, Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials.

[31]  P. Laurent,et al.  Hydration of Biodentine, Theracal LC, and a prototype tricalcium silicate-based dentin replacement material after pulp capping in entire tooth cultures. , 2014, Journal of endodontics.

[32]  J. Camilleri.  Hydration characteristics of Biodentine and Theracal used as pulp capping materials. , 2014, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.

[33]  R. Orlando,et al.  The Raman spectrum of CaCO3 polymorphs calcite and aragonite: a combined experimental and computational study. , 2014, The Journal of chemical physics.

[34]  S. Savaş,et al.  Evaluation of temperature changes in the pulp chamber during polymerization of light-cured pulp-capping materials by using a VALO LED light curing unit at different curing distances. , 2014, Dental materials journal.

[35]  F. Riccitiello,et al.  In Vitro Screening of the Apatite-Forming Ability, Biointeractivity and Physical Properties of a Tricalcium Silicate Material for Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry , 2013 .

[36]  T. Okiji,et al.  Bioactivity evaluation of three calcium silicate-based endodontic materials. , 2013, International endodontic journal.

[37]  D. Damidot,et al.  Investigation of the hydration and bioactivity of radiopacified tricalcium silicate cement, Biodentine and MTA Angelus. , 2013, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.

[38]  Jiang Chang,et al.  A study on the sealing ability and antibacterial activity of Ca3SiO5/CaCl2 composite cement for dental applications. , 2012, Dental materials journal.

[39]  M. Gandolfi,et al.  Chemical-physical properties of TheraCal, a novel light-curable MTA-like material for pulp capping. , 2012, International endodontic journal.

[40]  Veera Lertchirakarn,et al.  Setting time and flowability of accelerated Portland cement mixed with polycarboxylate superplasticizer. , 2011, Journal of endodontics.

[41]  P. Taddei,et al.  Apatite-forming ability (bioactivity) of ProRoot MTA. , 2010, International endodontic journal.

[42]  Julie L. P. Jessop,et al.  Quantitative analysis of adhesive resin in the hybrid layer using Raman spectroscopy. , 2010, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[43]  Chia-Che Ho,et al.  Physicochemical properties of calcium silicate cements for endodontic treatment. , 2009, Journal of endodontics.

[44]  S. Gunasekaran,et al.  Raman and infrared spectra of carbonates of calcite structure , 2006 .

[45]  Paul F. McMillan,et al.  Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C‐S‐H): Near‐, Mid‐, and Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy , 2004 .

[46]  F. Rubio,et al.  A FT-IR Study of the Hydrolysis of Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). , 1998 .