Cyberloafing and social desirability bias among students and employees

This study addressed the prevalence of cyberloafing and social desirability bias among 1339 students and 996 jobholders. An online survey was administered which included a five-factor cyberloafing scale and a two-factor social desirability scale. Each measure revealed acceptable fit values in confirmatory factor analyses. Findings showed that different types of cyberloafing had different prevalence rates. Students surpassed employees and males surpassed females with regard to overall cyberloafing scores. However, different types of cyberloafing revealed different patterns in individual comparisons. Employees surpassed students in terms of the impression management component of social desirability. Cyberloafing and social desirability were positively related, which implied the need for including social desirability as a covariate in further research. A recent cyberloafing scale was confirmed across students and employees.Different types of cyberloafing had different prevalence rates.Males and females demonstrated different cyberloafing patterns.Students and employees differed with regard to cyberloafing.Employees surpassed students in terms of impression management.

[1]  Tugra Karademir,et al.  Cyberloafing as a barrier to the successful integration of information and communication technologies into teaching and learning environments , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[2]  Tracy L. Tuten,et al.  Prepaid and Promised Incentives in Web Surveys , 2003 .

[3]  Delroy L. Paulhus,et al.  Self-Deception and Impression Management in Test Responses , 1986 .

[4]  Suzan Lewis,et al.  The Myth of Work-Life Balance , 2006 .

[5]  R. Kline.  Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. , 2011 .

[6]  Ruben Castro,et al.  Inconsistent Respondents and Sensitive Questions , 2013 .

[7]  Jackie McBride,et al.  "Cyberslacking" in the Classroom: The Reactions of Classroom Teachers. , 2013 .

[8]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Ego Depletion: A Resource Model of Volition, Self-Regulation, and Controlled Processing , 2000 .

[9]  John P. Robinson,et al.  Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor , 2000 .

[10]  Kenneth D. Butterfield,et al.  A Review of The Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 1996–2003 , 2005 .

[11]  Damien Page,et al.  Teachers’ personal web use at work , 2015, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[12]  Tracy L. Tuten,et al.  Prepaid and promised incentives in web surveys: an experiment , 2003 .

[13]  Falah Awwad,et al.  Are Laptops Distracting Educational Tools in Classrooms , 2013 .

[14]  Angie L. Miller.  Investigating Social Desirability Bias in Student Self-Report Surveys , 2012 .

[15]  Erika Lawrence,et al.  Internet Administration of Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires Used in Couple Research , 2012, Assessment.

[16]  M. King,et al.  Social desirability bias: A neglected aspect of validity testing , 2000 .

[17]  Thompson S. H. Teo,et al.  Prevalence, perceived seriousness, justification and regulation of cyberloafing in Singapore: An exploratory study , 2005, Inf. Manag..

[18]  G. Blau,et al.  Testing a measure of cyberloafing. , 2006, Journal of allied health.

[19]  Adam Joinson,et al.  Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[20]  Robert LaRose,et al.  Personal Internet use at work: Understanding cyberslacking , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[21]  Janice C. Sipior,et al.  A Strategic Response to the Broad Spectrum of Internet Abuse , 2002 .

[22]  Floyd J. Fowler,et al.  Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation , 1995 .

[23]  Ahmet Akin.  İki Boyutlu Sosyal İstenirlik Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması , 2010 .

[24]  Christopher M. Barnes,et al.  Lost sleep and cyberloafing: Evidence from the laboratory and a daylight saving time quasi-experiment. , 2012, The Journal of applied psychology.

[25]  John Blaha,et al.  Social desirability and behavior rating scales: An exploratory study with the child behavior checklist/4-18 , 2003 .

[26]  Richard G. Lomax,et al.  A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling , 2022 .

[27]  Vivien K. G. Lim,et al.  Cyberloafing at the workplace: gain or drain on work? , 2012, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[28]  Yavuz Akbulut,et al.  Predictors of inconsistent responding in web surveys , 2015, Internet Res..

[29]  Maureen S. Battistella,et al.  Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization , 1991 .

[30]  J Pallant,et al.  A step by step to guide to data analysis using SPSS: SPSS survival Manual. , 2007 .

[31]  G. Stoney Alder,et al.  Employee Reactions to Internet Monitoring: The Moderating Role of Ethical Orientation , 2008 .

[32]  Thomas A. O'Neill,et al.  Cyberslacking, engagement, and personality in distributed work environments , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[33]  M. F. Davies,et al.  Socially Desirable Responding and Impression Management in the Endorsement of Love Styles , 2001, The Journal of psychology.

[34]  Yavuz Akbulut,et al.  Exploration of the antecedents of digital piracy through a structural equation model , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[35]  Reynol Junco,et al.  In-class multitasking and academic performance , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[36]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[37]  Thomas W. Mangione,et al.  Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation@@@Mail Surveys: Improving the Quality , 1997 .

[38]  H. J. Arnold,et al.  Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations. , 1981 .

[39]  Tiffany A. Whittaker,et al.  Scale Development Research , 2006 .

[40]  R. Fisher,et al.  Social-Desirability Bias and the Validity of Self-Reported Values , 2000 .

[41]  Ivar Krumpal.  Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review , 2013 .

[42]  R. Darlington,et al.  Factor Analysis , 2008 .

[43]  Icek Ajzen,et al.  From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior , 1985 .

[44]  Pablo Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara,et al.  Reconsidering the boundaries of the cyberloafing activity: the case of a university , 2012 .

[45]  Alireza Sheikh,et al.  The antecedents of cyberloafing: A case study in an Iranian copper industry , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[46]  James G. Ross,et al.  Comparison of paper-and-pencil versus Web administration of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS): Participation, data quality, and perceived privacy and anonymity , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[47]  Benjamin B. M. Shao,et al.  To monitor or not to monitor: Effectiveness of a cyberloafing countermeasure , 2015, Inf. Manag..

[48]  Anita L. Blanchard,et al.  Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[49]  Fabiola Baltar,et al.  Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook , 2012, Internet Res..

[50]  Mick P. Couper,et al.  THE IMPACT OF PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY CONCERNS ON SURVEY PARTICIPATION THE CASE OF THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS , 1993 .

[51]  Richard A. Kass,et al.  The Latent Structure of the Need Satisfying Properties of Leisure Activities , 1979 .

[52]  Mikko T. Siponen,et al.  Using the theory of interpersonal behavior to explain non-work-related personal use of the Internet at work , 2013, Inf. Manag..

[53]  Eric D. Ragan,et al.  Unregulated use of laptops over time in large lecture classes , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[54]  John Van Hoewyk,et al.  Attitudes and Behavior: The Impact of Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Participation in the 2000 Census , 2003 .

[55]  Marc Ortegren,et al.  Gender Differences in Ethics Research: The Importance of Controlling for the Social Desirability Response Bias , 2011 .

[56]  Alireza Sheikh,et al.  Cyberloafing and job burnout: An investigation in the knowledge-intensive sector , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[57]  Yavuz Akbulut,et al.  In search of a measure to investigate cyberloafing in educational settings , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[58]  Pablo Zoghbi Manrique De Lara.  Relationship between Organizational Justice and Cyberloafing in the Workplace: Has "Anomia" a Say in the Matter? , 2007, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[59]  A. T. Panter,et al.  Theory testing in personality and social psychology with structural equation models: A primer in 20 questions. , 1990 .

[60]  Michael R. Mullen,et al.  Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit , 2008 .

[61]  James N. Danziger,et al.  On Cyberslacking: Workplace Status and Personal Internet Use at Work , 2008, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[62]  Meng U. Taing,et al.  Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[63]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 1998 .

[64]  D. Paulhus,et al.  Socially Desirable Responding in Organizational Behavior: A Reconception , 1987 .

[65]  S. Huck.  Reading Statistics and Research, 6th Edition , 2012 .

[66]  Raymond M. Lee,et al.  The Problems of Researching Sensitive Topics , 1990 .

[67]  Katelyn Y. A. McKenna,et al.  Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[68]  W. Block.  Cyberslacking, Business Ethics and Managerial Economics , 2011 .

[69]  V. Lim.  The IT way of loafing on the job: cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice , 2002 .

[70]  Ståle Pallesen,et al.  Predictors of Use of Social Network Sites at Work - A Specific Type of Cyberloafing , 2014, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[71]  Per Carlbring,et al.  Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: A psychometric evaluation , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[72]  Michelle L. Kelley,et al.  Development of the Cyberbullying Experiences Survey , 2013 .

[73]  Aakash Taneja,et al.  Cyber-slacking in the classroom: Potential for digital distraction in the new age , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[74]  R. Bennett,et al.  A TYPOLOGY OF DEVIANT WORKPLACE BEHAVIORS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING STUDY , 1995 .

[75]  Gresham M. Sykes,et al.  Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. , 1957 .

[76]  J. Michael Pearson,et al.  The effects of sanctions and stigmas on cyberloafing , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[77]  S. Restubog,et al.  Yielding to (cyber)-temptation: Exploring the buffering role of self-control in the relationship between organizational justice and cyberloafing behavior in the workplace , 2011 .

[78]  Eleanor Singer.  Confidentiality, Risk Perception, and Survey Participation , 2004 .

[79]  R. Tourangeau,et al.  Sensitive questions in surveys. , 2007, Psychological bulletin.

[80]  Robert F. DeVellis,et al.  Scale Development: Theory and Applications. , 1992 .

[81]  Sacip Toker,et al.  An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[82]  Thomas A. O'Neill,et al.  Prediction of cyberslacking when employees are working away from the office , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[83]  Gürcan Şevket Avcıoğlu.  Internet survey applications in social sciences: response rate, data quality, sample problems and solutions Sosyal bilimlerde internet anketi uygulamaları: cevaplama oranı, veri kalitesi, örneklem sorunları ve çözümleri , 2014 .