A Model for Learning Systems

A model for learning systems is presented, and representative AI, pattern recognition, and control systems are discussed in terms of its framework. The model details the functional components felt to be essential for any learning system, independent of the techniques used for its construction, and the specific environment in which it operates. These components are Performance element, instance selector, critic, earning element, blackboard, and world model. Consideration of learning system design leads naturally to the concept of a layered system, each layer operating at a different level of abstraction.

[1]  E. Feigenbaum.  The simulation of verbal learning behavior , 1899, IRE-AIEE-ACM '61 (Western).

[2]  John McCarthy,et al.  Programs with common sense , 1960 .

[3]  Oliver G. Selfridge,et al.  Pattern recognition by machine , 1960 .

[4]  Leonard Uhr,et al.  A pattern recognition program that generates, evaluates, and adjusts its own operators , 1961, IRE-AIEE-ACM '61 (Western).

[5]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  Steps toward Artificial Intelligence , 1995, Proceedings of the IRE.

[6]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[7]  E. Feigenbaum,et al.  Computers and Thought , 1963 .

[8]  J. Sklansky,et al.  Correspondence: Adaptation, learning, self-repair, and feedback , 1964 .

[9]  A. L. Samuel,et al.  Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. II: recent progress , 1967 .

[10]  Ya Tsypkin,et al.  Self-learning--What is it? , 1968 .

[11]  King-Sun Fu,et al.  Learning control systems--Review and outlook , 1970 .

[12]  Bruce G. Buchanan,et al.  On generality and problem solving: a case study using the DENDRAL program , 1970 .

[13]  Donald A. Waterman,et al.  Generalization Learning Techniques for Automating the Learning of Heuristics , 1970, Artif. Intell..

[14]  Richard Fikes,et al.  Learning and Executing Generalized Robot Plans , 1993, Artif. Intell..

[15]  Gerald J. Sussman,et al.  A Computational Model of Skill Acquisition , 1973 .

[16]  H. Simon,et al.  Problem solving and rule induction: A unified view. , 1974 .

[17]  I. D. Landau,et al.  A survey of model reference adaptive techniques - Theory and applications , 1973, Autom..

[18]  Donald A. Waterman,et al.  Adaptive Production Systems , 1975, IJCAI.

[19]  Björn Wittenmark,et al.  Stochastic adaptive control methods: a survey , 1975 .

[20]  Victor Lesser,et al.  Organization of the Hearsay II speech understanding system , 1975 .

[21]  E. Tse,et al.  Actively adaptive control for nonlinear stochastic systems , 1976, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[22]  Bruce G. Buchanan,et al.  Scientific Theory Formation by Computer , 1976 .