Inflammatory; promotes activation and production of acute-phase proteins ↓ = disregulated fever; increased susceptibility to bacterial infection; enhanced resistance to LPS-induced septic shock ↑ = exacerbation of arthritis and colitis T cells, B cells Many cell types Promotes activation and cytotoxicity; development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches ↓ = defective response to bacterial pathogens; absence of peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer's patches LTβ LTβR T cells, B cells Myeloid cells, other cell types Peripheral lymph node development; proinflammatory ↓ = increased susceptibility to bacterial infection; absence of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches ↑ = ectopic lymph node formation B cells B cell maturation and survival ↓ = B cell lymphopenia; defective humoral immunity ↑ = SLE-like syndrome TL1A DcR3, DR3 Macrophages, endothelial cells Activated T cells Promotes proliferation and cytokine production GITRL a GITR DCs, macrophages, B cells, others T regulatory cells, activated T cells Costimulatory OX40L a OX40 Activated T cells,
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