An aggregate model of plug-in electric vehicles including distribution network characteristics for primary frequency control

Summary form only given. In the future, the number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that will participate in the primary frequency control (PFC) is likely to increase. In our previous research, the computational complexity of the PFC problem for a large number of PEVs was reduced using aggregate models of PEVs. However, in the literature on the PFC, the distribution network characteristics have not been included in the aggregate models of PEVs for the PFC, despite the fact that PEVs will be dispersedly connected to the distribution network. This paper proposes an aggregate model of PEVs for the PFC that further incorporates distribution network characteristics, i.e., the distribution network power loss (DNPL) and the maximum allowed current (MAC) of the lines and transformers. The DNPL variation is formulated according to the line and transformer impedance, spatial distribution of PEVs and loads, and active power variation of PEVs. Then, DNPL variation together with the MAC of the lines and transformers are incorporated in the proposed model of PEVs. Finally, the simulation results show an excellent agreement of 98% between the detailed model and the proposed aggregate model of PEVs.

[1]  L. Sainz,et al.  Study of aggregate models for squirrel-cage induction motors , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[2]  Stephan Koch,et al.  Provision of Load Frequency Control by PHEVs, Controllable Loads, and a Cogeneration Unit , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[3]  Yunfei MU,et al.  Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles in the Great Britain power system , 2013 .

[4]  Birgitte Bak-Jensen,et al.  Integration of Vehicle-to-Grid in the Western Danish Power System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[5]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Aggregation of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution networks for primary frequency control , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC).

[6]  Daniel S. Kirschen,et al.  Optimal coordination and scheduling of demand response via monetary incentives , 2015, 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

[7]  Birgitte Bak-Jensen,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid for islanded power system operation in Bornholm , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[8]  Kai Strunz,et al.  A BENCHMARK LOW VOLTAGE MICROGRID NETWORK , 2005 .

[9]  Francois Bouffard,et al.  Electric vehicle aggregator/system operator coordination for charging scheduling and services procurement , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[10]  Francisco de Leon,et al.  Experimental Determination of the ZIP Coefficients for Modern Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Loads , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[11]  Marina Gonzalez Vaya,et al.  Optimal Bidding Strategy of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Aggregator in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets Under Uncertainty , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[12]  J. F. Conroy,et al.  Aggregate modelling of wind farms containing full-converter wind turbine generators with permanent magnet synchronous machines: transient stability studies , 2009 .

[13]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[14]  Mehmet Akbaba,et al.  Aggregation of induction machines for power system dynamic studies , 1994 .

[15]  F. J. Soares,et al.  Electric vehicles participating in frequency control: Operating islanded systems with large penetration of renewable power sources , 2011, 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech.

[16]  Akihiko Yokoyama,et al.  Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[17]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Aggregated models of offshore wind farm components for grid study , 2006 .

[18]  Sonja Wogrin,et al.  Retail Pricing: A Bilevel Program for PEV Aggregator Decisions Using Indirect Load Control , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[19]  Filipe Joel Soares,et al.  Optimized Bidding of a EV Aggregation Agent in the Electricity Market , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[20]  Filipe Joel Soares,et al.  Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[21]  M. Caramanis,et al.  Optimal Power Market Participation of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Pooled by Distribution Feeder , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Wil L. Kling,et al.  Dynamic models for transient stability analysis of transmission and distribution systems with distributed generation: An overview , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[23]  Seyedmahdi Izadkhast,et al.  An aggregate model of plug-in electric vehicles for primary frequency control , 2015, 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM).

[24]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.