Snow chemistry across Antarctica

Abstract An updated compilation of published and new data of major-ion (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, NO3, SO4) and methylsulfonate (MS) concentrations in snow from 520 Antarctic sites is provided by the national ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition) programmes of Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States and the national Antarctic programme of Finland. The comparison shows that snow chemistry concentrations vary by up to four orders of magnitude across Antarctica and exhibit distinct geographical patterns. The Antarctic-wide comparison of glaciochemical records provides a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the fundamental factors that ultimately control the chemistry of snow or ice samples. This paper aims to initiate data compilation and administration in order to provide a framework for facilitation of Antarctic-wide snow chemistry discussions across all ITASE nations and other contributing groups. The data are made available through the ITASE web page (http://www2.umaine.edu/itase/content/syngroups/snowchem.html) and will be updated with new data as they are provided. In addition, recommendations for future research efforts are summarized.

[1]  D. Dixon,et al.  Sources and transport pathways of marine aerosol species into West Antarctica , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[2]  O. Magand,et al.  Spatial distribution of biogenic sulphur compounds (MSA, nssSO4 2–) in the northern Victoria Land–Dome C–Wilkes Land area, East Antarctica , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[3]  O. Magand,et al.  Sea-spray deposition in Antarctic coastal and plateau areas from ITASE traverses , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[4]  S. Kaspari,et al.  A 200 year sulfate record from 16 Antarctic ice cores and associations with Southern Ocean sea-ice extent , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[5]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Solar forcing recorded by aerosol concentrations in coastal , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[6]  T. H. Jacka,et al.  The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE): an overview , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[7]  D. Qin,et al.  Sea level pressure variability over the southern Indian Ocean inferred from a glaciochemical record in Princess Elizabeth Land, east Antarctica , 2004 .

[8]  P. Mayewski,et al.  El Niño suppresses Antarctic warming , 2004 .

[9]  Carlo Barbante,et al.  Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core , 2004, Nature.

[10]  S. Becagli,et al.  Atmosphere–snow interaction by a comparison between aerosol and uppermost snow-layers composition at Dome C, East Antarctica , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[11]  M. Frezzotti,et al.  Chemical and isotopic snow variability in East Antarctica along the 2001/02 ITASE traverse , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[12]  D. Dixon,et al.  A 200 year sub-annual record of sulfate in West Antarctica, from 16 ice cores , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[13]  H. Oerter,et al.  Postdepositional losses of methane sulfonate, nitrate, and chloride at the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica deep-drilling site in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica , 2004 .

[14]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Monsoonal circulation of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Ross Sea region, Antarctica: signal from the snow chemistry , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[15]  P. Wagnon,et al.  Evidence for the loss of snow-deposited MSA to the interstitial gaseous phase in central Antarctic firn , 2003 .

[16]  A. Jones,et al.  Modelling photochemical NOX production and nitrate loss in the upper snowpack of Antarctica , 2002 .

[17]  R. Delmas,et al.  Snow chemistry measurements on James Ross Island (Antarctic Peninsula) showing sea-salt aerosol modifications , 2002 .

[18]  M. Frezzotti,et al.  Chemical and isotopic snow variability along the 1998 ITASE traverse from Terra Nova Bay to Dome C, East Antarctica , 2002, Annals of Glaciology.

[19]  P. Mayewski,et al.  The polar expression of ENSO and sea-ice variability as recorded in a South Pole ice core , 2002, Annals of Glaciology.

[20]  R. Röthlisberger,et al.  Nitrate in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores: a detailed description of post-depositional processes , 2002, Annals of Glaciology.

[21]  T. V. van Ommen,et al.  Ice‐core evidence for a small solar‐source of atmospheric nitrate , 2001 .

[22]  Philip S. Anderson,et al.  Measurements of NOx emissions from the Antarctic snowpack , 2001 .

[23]  Kenneth C. Jezek,et al.  Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project digital elevation model version 2 , 2001 .

[24]  R. Röthlisberger,et al.  Factors controlling nitrate in ice cores: Evidence from the Dome C deep ice core , 2000 .

[25]  P. Mayewski,et al.  The effect of spatial and temporal accumulation rate variability in west Antarctica on soluble ion deposition , 2000 .

[26]  M. Stenberg.  Spatial variability and temporal changes in snow chemistry, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica , 2000 .

[27]  P. Warneck.  Chemistry of the natural atmosphere , 1999 .

[28]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Seasonal variations of glaciochemical, isotopic and stratigraphic properties in Siple Dome (Antarctica) surface snow , 1999, Annals of Glaciology.

[29]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Spatial variability of Antarctic surface snow glaciochemistry: implications for palaeoatmospheric circulation reconstructions , 1999, Antarctic Science.

[30]  P. Wagnon,et al.  Loss of volatile acid species from upper firn layers at Vostok , 1999 .

[31]  S. Becagli,et al.  Sea-spray and marine biogenic seasonal contribution to snow composition at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica , 1999, Annals of Glaciology.

[32]  Variability in snow layering and snow chemistry in the vicinity of two drill sites in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica , 1999, Annals of Glaciology.

[33]  A. Minikin,et al.  Sulfur‐containing species (sulfate and methanesulfonate) in coastal Antarctic aerosol and precipitation , 1998 .

[34]  M. Legrand,et al.  Atmospheric near‐surface nitrate at coastal Antarctic sites , 1998 .

[35]  E. Wolff,et al.  Postdepositional change in snowpack nitrate from observation of year-round near-surface snow in coastal Antarctica , 1998 .

[36]  M. Legrand,et al.  Relationship between chemistry of air, fresh snow and firn cores for aerosol species in coastal Antarctica , 1998 .

[37]  A. Minikin,et al.  Sea‐salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions , 1998 .

[38]  M. Legrand,et al.  Coastal Antarctic aerosol and snowfall chemistry , 1998 .

[39]  T. V. van Ommen,et al.  Seasonal characteristics of the major ions in the high-accumulation Dome Summit South ice core, Law Dome, Antarctica , 1998, Annals of Glaciology.

[40]  S. Becagli,et al.  Spatial distribution and seasonal pattern of biogenic sulphur compounds in snow from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica , 1998, Annals of Glaciology.

[41]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Limited migration of soluble ionic species in a Siple Dome, Antarctica, ice core , 1998, Annals of Glaciology.

[42]  E. Isaksson,et al.  Spatial variability of snow chemistry in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica , 1998, Annals of Glaciology.

[43]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Methanesulfonate in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Core , 1997 .

[44]  M. D. Germani,et al.  Volcanic Aerosol Records and Tephrochronology of the Summit, Greenland, Ice Cores , 1997 .

[45]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review , 1997 .

[46]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Depletion of atmospheric nitrate and chloride as a consequence of the Toba Volcanic Eruption , 1996 .

[47]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Chemical species spatial distribution and relationship to elevation and snow accumulation rate over the Greenland Ice Sheet , 1996 .

[48]  D. Wagenbach.  Coastal Antarctica: Atmospheric Chemical Composition and Atmospheric Transport , 1996 .

[49]  R. Bales,et al.  Chemical exchange between the atmosphere and polar snow , 1996 .

[50]  P. Mayewski,et al.  An Ice‐Core‐Based, Late Holocene History for the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica , 2013 .

[51]  M. Legrand.  Sulphur-Derived Species in Polar Ice: A Review , 1995 .

[52]  M. Legrand,et al.  Preliminary Investigations of Post Depositional Effects on HCl, HNO3, and Organic Acids in Polar Firn Layers , 1995 .

[53]  E. Saltzman.  Ocean/Atmosphere Cycling of Dimethylsulfide , 1995 .

[54]  H. Clausen.  Group Meeting on Nitrate Sources in Antarctica and Greenland , 1995 .

[55]  R. Delmas.  Ice Core Studies of Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 1995 .

[56]  E. Wolff.  Nitrate in Polar Ice , 1995 .

[57]  E. Wolff,et al.  Spatial variability of the major chemistry of the Antarctic ice sheet , 1994, Annals of Glaciology.

[58]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Methanesulfonic acid in coastal Antarctic snow related to sea-ice extent , 1993 .

[59]  D. Peel,et al.  The ratio of MSA to non-sea-salt sulphate in Antarctic Peninsula ice cores , 1992 .

[60]  S. Solomon,et al.  Seasonal variations in Antarctic NO x chemistry , 1992 .

[61]  Q. Dahe,et al.  The distribution of nitrate content in the surface snow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet along the route of the 1990 International Trans‐Antarctica Expedition , 1992 .

[62]  E. Wolff,et al.  Reactions on sulphuric acid aerosol and on polar stratospheric clouds in the Antarctic stratosphere , 1991 .

[63]  G. Blaisdell,et al.  Contributions to Antarctic Research III , 1991 .

[64]  P. Mayewski,et al.  An ice-core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitrate , 1990, Nature.

[65]  P. Mayewski,et al.  Recent increase in nitrate concentration of Antarctic snow , 1990, Nature.

[66]  M. Legrand,et al.  Origins and variations of nitrate in south polar precipitation , 1990 .

[67]  D. Peel,et al.  Anions and Cations in Ice Cores from Dolleman Island and the Palmer Land Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula , 1988, Annals of Glaciology.

[68]  A. Neftel,et al.  Seasonal Variations in Hydrogen Peroxide in Polar Ice Cores , 1988, Annals of Glaciology.

[69]  R. Turco,et al.  Condensation of HNO3 and HCl in the winter polar stratospheres , 1986 .

[70]  M. Legrand,et al.  Relative contributions of tropospheric and stratospheric sources to nitrate in Antarctic snow , 1986 .

[71]  M. Ram,et al.  Atmospheric dust in polar ice and the background aerosol , 1985 .

[72]  C. T. McElroy,et al.  The conversion of N2O5 to HNO3 at high latitudes in winter , 1985 .

[73]  T. Sanderson,et al.  Characteristics of energetic particle events associated with interplanetary shocks , 1985 .

[74]  R. McKenzie,et al.  Springtime stratospheric NO2 in Antarctica , 1984 .

[75]  M. Legrand,et al.  Gas-Derived Aerosol in Central Antarctic Snow and Ice: the Case of Sulphuric and Nitric Acids , 1982, Annals of Glaciology.

[76]  G. Shaw.  Considerations on the origin and properties of the Antarctic aerosol , 1979 .

[77]  A. Gow.  On the Accumulation and Seasonal Stratification Of Snow at the South Pole , 1965, Journal of Glaciology.